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Core radiotherapy practice > Gynae + Female reproductive system > Flashcards

Gynae + Female reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 main hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  2. Lutenising hormone (LH)
  3. oestrogen
  4. Progesterone
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2
Q

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

FSH & LH

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3
Q

What hormone does the Hypothalamus produce?

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GRH)

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4
Q

What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle and how long do they last?

A

1st phase is the follicular phase (varies in length, approx 14 days can be shorter)

2nd phase is the luteal phase this is always 14 days

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5
Q

What is the function of LH and FSH?

A

LH - stimulates ovulation - release of an egg from the ovary

FSH - stimulates development of the primordial follicles within the ovaries

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6
Q

What is the name of an immature egg in the ovary and how many roughly do we have per ovary?

A

Primordial follicle

200,000

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7
Q

What cell type surrounds the mature follicle

A

Granulosa cells

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8
Q

What layers of the endometrium are shedded during a period?

A

Superficial and middle layer

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9
Q

On what day of the menstrual cycle does the period start and how long does it last?

A

Day 1 and it lasts approx 1-8 days of the cycle.

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10
Q

what changes in the body does oestrogen stimulate?

A

stimulates development of endometrium lining

Stimulates growth of breast tissue

Thins the mucus in the cervix to allow sperm to reach egg

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11
Q

When/Where is oestrogen produced from?

A

Before ovulation by the follicles

After ovulation by the corpus luteum

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12
Q

what happens during ovulation

A

Mature follicle releases an ovum from the ovary and follicle becomes corpus luteum.

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13
Q

What does the corpus luteum release?

A

Progesterone & oestrogen

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14
Q

What physiological changes does progesterone stimulate post ovulation?

A
  1. Thickens and maintains endometrium lining
  2. Thickens mucus of the cervix to prevent other stuff getting up
  3. Increases body temperature
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15
Q

What hormone is produced when an egg is fertilised?

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)

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16
Q

When does the corpus luteum degenerate?

A

If no HCG is present

17
Q

What does the drop in progesterone and oestrogen cause?

A

Lining of the endometrium to degenerate - menstruation begins

Removal of negative feedback - GRH, LH and FSH begin to rise again.

18
Q

Describe the anatomical positioning of the uterus

A

It is posterior and superior to the bladder
It is superior to the cervix/vagina
It is anterior to the rectum
It is medial to the ovaries

19
Q

What is the name of the membrane covers the organs of the pelvis?

A

Peritoneum

20
Q

How wide is the cervix and what does it let pass through?

A

0.5 cm and only certain fluids e.g

semen, blood, mucus

21
Q

What is the ligament called that connects the ovaries to the uterus?

A

ovarian ligament

22
Q

What are the uterine/fallopian tubes lined with?

A

Cilia

23
Q

Where does ovulation occur?

A

Ovary

24
Q

Where does fertilisation occur

A

fallopian tube

25
Q

What is the name of the fingerlike projections on the end of the fallopian tube which attract an ovum ?

A

Fimbriae

26
Q

What is the lining of the uterus called?

A

Endometrium

27
Q

What is the muscle layer of the uterus called?

A

Myometrium

28
Q

What is the space called between the vaginal opening and the anus ?

A

Perineum

29
Q

What structures make up the female external genitalia (Vulva)?

A
  1. Labia (majora and minora)
  2. Vaginal opening
  3. Urethral opening
  4. Clitoris
  5. Mons pubis
30
Q

Where is the clitoris found?

A

Below the synthesis pubis,
lies anteriorally to the urethral and vaginal opening

31
Q

What is the most common type of gynea cancer?

A

Uterine (endometrium)

32
Q

Give 4 signs and symptoms of uterine cancer

A
  1. Bleeding after menopause
  2. Bleeding between periods
  3. Pain in pelvic region
  4. blood in vaginal discharge
33
Q

What is the most common cause of uterine cancer?

A

Obesity

34
Q

How is gynaecological cancers diagnosed?

A

Internal pelvic examination
Biopsy
CT/MRI

35
Q

What is the name of the surgery to remove the womb?

A

abdominal hysterectomy bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

36
Q

What is the dose prescription for radical EBRT for uterine cancer and cervical cancer?

A

45Gy in 25#

37
Q

what is the main histology of uterine cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

38
Q

What is the main histology of cervical cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

39
Q

What is the most common cause of cervical cancer?

A

HPV -
HPV16 & 18 strain

Core radiotherapy practice (15 decks)

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