Gynae + Female reproductive system Flashcards
what are the 4 main hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Lutenising hormone (LH)
- oestrogen
- Progesterone
What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?
FSH & LH
What hormone does the Hypothalamus produce?
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GRH)
What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle and how long do they last?
1st phase is the follicular phase (varies in length, approx 14 days can be shorter)
2nd phase is the luteal phase this is always 14 days
What is the function of LH and FSH?
LH - stimulates ovulation - release of an egg from the ovary
FSH - stimulates development of the primordial follicles within the ovaries
What is the name of an immature egg in the ovary and how many roughly do we have per ovary?
Primordial follicle
200,000
What cell type surrounds the mature follicle
Granulosa cells
What layers of the endometrium are shedded during a period?
Superficial and middle layer
On what day of the menstrual cycle does the period start and how long does it last?
Day 1 and it lasts approx 1-8 days of the cycle.
what changes in the body does oestrogen stimulate?
stimulates development of endometrium lining
Stimulates growth of breast tissue
Thins the mucus in the cervix to allow sperm to reach egg
When/Where is oestrogen produced from?
Before ovulation by the follicles
After ovulation by the corpus luteum
what happens during ovulation
Mature follicle releases an ovum from the ovary and follicle becomes corpus luteum.
What does the corpus luteum release?
Progesterone & oestrogen
What physiological changes does progesterone stimulate post ovulation?
- Thickens and maintains endometrium lining
- Thickens mucus of the cervix to prevent other stuff getting up
- Increases body temperature
What hormone is produced when an egg is fertilised?
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)
When does the corpus luteum degenerate?
If no HCG is present
What does the drop in progesterone and oestrogen cause?
Lining of the endometrium to degenerate - menstruation begins
Removal of negative feedback - GRH, LH and FSH begin to rise again.
Describe the anatomical positioning of the uterus
It is posterior and superior to the bladder
It is superior to the cervix/vagina
It is anterior to the rectum
It is medial to the ovaries
What is the name of the membrane covers the organs of the pelvis?
Peritoneum
How wide is the cervix and what does it let pass through?
0.5 cm and only certain fluids e.g
semen, blood, mucus
What is the ligament called that connects the ovaries to the uterus?
ovarian ligament
What are the uterine/fallopian tubes lined with?
Cilia
Where does ovulation occur?
Ovary
Where does fertilisation occur
fallopian tube
What is the name of the fingerlike projections on the end of the fallopian tube which attract an ovum ?
Fimbriae
What is the lining of the uterus called?
Endometrium
What is the muscle layer of the uterus called?
Myometrium
What is the space called between the vaginal opening and the anus ?
Perineum
What structures make up the female external genitalia (Vulva)?
- Labia (majora and minora)
- Vaginal opening
- Urethral opening
- Clitoris
- Mons pubis
Where is the clitoris found?
Below the synthesis pubis,
lies anteriorally to the urethral and vaginal opening
What is the most common type of gynea cancer?
Uterine (endometrium)
Give 4 signs and symptoms of uterine cancer
- Bleeding after menopause
- Bleeding between periods
- Pain in pelvic region
- blood in vaginal discharge
What is the most common cause of uterine cancer?
Obesity
How is gynaecological cancers diagnosed?
Internal pelvic examination
Biopsy
CT/MRI
What is the name of the surgery to remove the womb?
abdominal hysterectomy bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
What is the dose prescription for radical EBRT for uterine cancer and cervical cancer?
45Gy in 25#
what is the main histology of uterine cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
What is the main histology of cervical cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma
What is the most common cause of cervical cancer?
HPV -
HPV16 & 18 strain
