pharynx and oesophagus

Question 1

what are the components to cervical viscera?

Answer 1

respiratory
endocrine
alimentary

Question 2

what is the pharynx?

Answer 2

muscular tube
-from base of skull to oesophagus
conducts air
muscles direct food to oesophagus

Question 3

describe the nasopharynx

Answer 3

respiratory function
-warm & humidify air
nasolacrimal duct=tears
opening of auditory tube
-back of throat to middle ear
tubul tonsils
pharyngeal tonsils-adenoids

Question 4

describe the oropharynx

Answer 4

digestive function
superior=soft palate
inferior=base of tongue
epiglottis
-elastic cartilage-can bend
-flaps down close to send food right way
palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

Question 5

which fold is further forward?

and where do they attach?

Answer 5

palatoglossal
-joined to palate and tongue
palatopharyngeal
-joined to palate & pharynx

Question 6

what is waldeyer’s ring?

Answer 6

2 sets of tonsils
-tubul
-pharyngeal
-palatine
1st line defence

Question 7

describe the laryngopharynx

Answer 7

superior
-epiglottis
inferior
-level of cricoid cartilage
(below thyroid cartilage)
continuous with oesophagus

Question 8

what are the muscles of the pharynx?

Answer 8

superior constrictor
-base of skull & mylohyoid
-hammock
-attaches to mandible
middle constrictor
-joins hyloid bone
hyoid bone
-not joined to any other bones
-u-shaped
inferior constrictor 
-attached to cricoid

Question 9

describe the nerve supply to the pharynx

Answer 9

motor and sensory
motor:
vagus (CNX)
-supply muscle
sensory:
glossopharyngeal (CNIX)
pharyngeal plexus

Question 10

what is otitis media?

Answer 10

middle ear infection

Question 11

what is the oesophagus?

Answer 11

muscular tube from pharynx to stomach
lies in neck, thorax, abdomen
posterior to trachea & heart
sphincters

Question 12

describe the oesophageal spincters

Answer 12

UOS
-anatomical
-controlled by muscle
LOS
-physiological
-angled-prevents reflux

Question 13

what is the histology of the oesophagus

Answer 13

stratified squamous epithelium
lamina propria
submucosal glands(mucous)
muscle layers
-muscularis mucosae
-CILO
muscle types:
upper 1/3 skeletal
middle 1/3 mixed
lower 1/3 smooth

Question 14

what are the 2 functions of swallowing?

Answer 14

food to stomach

prevention from entering airway

Question 15

what is the oral phase of swallowing?

Answer 15

move food posteriorly
some can pass onto pharyngeal surface of tongue
liquid remains in mouth in front of pillars

Question 16

what is the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

Answer 16

oro- to laryngopharynx
soft palate raises to prevent flow into nasal cavity
depression of epiglottis
contraction of vocal folds (pharyngeal constrictors)
relaxation of UOS

Question 17

what is the oesophageal phase of swallowing?

Answer 17

LOS relaxes to admit bolus to stomach

Question 18

what is dysphagia?

Answer 18

difficulty swallowing
neuromuscular disease
obstruction:
spasm
tumours
developmental abnormality

Question 19

what is a trachea-oesophageal fistula?

Answer 19

when oesophagus not continuous tube- may connect to trachea