Pharmokinetics

Question 1

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

how medications travel through the body

Question 2

Medications biochemical processes:

Answer 2

absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

Question 3

medication absorbs through what?

Answer 3

the bloodstream

Question 4

Oral Barriers to Absorption

Answer 4

Medications must pass through the layer of epithelial cells that line the GI tract

Question 5

Absorption Pattern varies greatly due to:

Answer 5

1. Stability and solubility of the medication
2. Gastrointestinal pH and emptying time
3. Presence of food in the stomach or intestines
4. Concurrent medications
5. Forms of medications (enteric-coated pills, liquids)

Question 6

Sublingual

Answer 6

under the tongue

Question 7

Buccal

Answer 7

against the mucous membranes of the cheek

Question 8

do Subcutaneous and intramuscular have Barriers to Absorption? if so why or why not?

Answer 8

no barrier because there’s huge spaces between the cells capillary walls.

Question 9

how long does it take Highly soluble medications to absorb?

Answer 9

rapidly.. 10 to 30 min

Question 10

Poorly soluble medications

Answer 10

have slow absorption

Question 11

Sites with high blood perfusion absorbs fast or slow?

Answer 11

fast absorption

Question 12

sites with low blood perfusion absorbs slow or fast?

Answer 12

slow absorption

Question 13

does the Intravenous route have barriers to absorption?
what does intravenous immediate mean?
what does intravenous complete means?

Answer 13

-no barriers
-medication enters directly into the blood
-medication reaches the blood in its entirety

Question 14

Circulation

Answer 14

Conditions that inhibit blood flow or perfusion (peripheral vascular or cardiac disease) can delay medication distribution

Question 15

Permeability of the cell membrane means what?

Answer 15

-must be able to pass through tissues and membranes to reach its target area.

*Medications that are lipid-soluble or have a transport system can cross the blood-brain barrier and the placenta.

Question 16

Plasma protein binding

Answer 16

Medications compete for protein binding sites within the bloodstream, primarily albumin. The ability of a medication to bind to a protein can affect how much of the medication will leave and travel to target tissues. Two medications can compete for the same binding sites, resulting in toxicity.

Question 17

Metabolism (biotransformation)

Answer 17

-transforms medications to not work as much or not at all with the help of enzymes.

This occurs primarily in the liver, but also takes place in the kidneys, lungs, intestines, and blood

Question 18

True or False. Hepatic (liver) medication metabolism tends to decline with age

Answer 18

True, older adults require smaller doses of medications due to the possibility of accumulation in the body

Question 19

What happens with an increase in some medication-metabolizing enzymes?

Answer 19

This can metabolize a particular medication sooner, requiring an increase in the dosage of that medication to maintain a therapeutic level

Question 20

First pass effect

Answer 20

the liver inactivates some medications in their first pass through the liver.
-thus, they require a nonenteral route (sublingual, IV)

Question 21

What happens when medications have similar metabolic pathways?

Answer 21

When the same pathway metabolizes two medications, it can alter the metabolism of one or both
-the rate of metabolism can decrease for one or both leading to medicatiion accumulation

Question 22

Excretion

Answer 22

the elimination of medications from the body, primarily through the kidneys

Question 23

Where can elimination take place from the body?

Answer 23

kidneys, liver, lungs, intestines, exocrine glands (breast milk)

Question 24

Kidney dysfunction can lead to?

Answer 24

an increase in the duration and intensity of the medication’s response, which can lead to toxicity

Question 25

Whats a plasma medication level?

Answer 25

the therapeutic range when its effective and not toxic

Question 26

therapeutic index (TI)

Answer 26

the ratio of the medication’s lethal dose to its average effective dose

Question 27

Do medications with a low TI require close monitoring?

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

Do medications with a high TI require close monitoring?

Answer 28

no

Question 29

half life

Answer 29

time for the med level to drop by 50%

Question 30

what parts of the body affects half life?

Answer 30

liver and kidney

Question 31

agonist

Answer 31

activates receptors

Question 32

antagonist

Answer 32

blocks receptors

Question 33

receptors

Answer 33

the medications target sites on or within the cells

Question 34

partial agonist

Answer 34

acts as agonist and antagonist

Question 35

transdermal

Answer 35

medicated skin patch

Question 36

true or false
The client should sit upright or lie supine to instill eye meds

Answer 36

true

Question 37

true or false
client should tilt their head slightly and look up at the ceiling to instill eyedrops

Answer 37

true