Pharmacy/Pharmacology Flashcards
What is the reversal agent for diazepam? (#6)
flumazenil
What is a common drug that is toxic to cats? (#6)
Acetaminophen
List two examples of an anticholinergic. Why would we administer them to a patient? (#6)
Atropine and Glycopyrrolate
We would administer them to a patient as a preanesthetic and to prevent bradycardia.
What is the most common drug in euthanasia solution? What class of drug does it belong to? (#6)
Pentobarbital
Class II controlled substance
What side effects can you expect to
observe with atropine? (#6)
Decreased salivation
Dilated pupils
Controlled ciliary response in the eyes
Decreased GI movement
Increased HR
What is one reson you would not use ketamine with a patient with a heart murmur? #1
Ketamine can have cadiosupportive effects, causing the heart to work harder than it needs to.
What pain pathway does Carprofen act on? (#13)
COX 2
What type of bacteria does the class of Penicillin drugs work best on? (#13)
Gram Positive Bacteria
What health issue can be exacerbated by the use of Reglan? (#13)
Seizuring dogs
What is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs? #1
NSAIDs inhibit the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), reducing the production of prostaglandins, in charge of of inflammation, pain, and fever.
What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-lactam antibiotics like clavamox? #1
Beta-lactam antibiotics like clavamox inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis through beta-lactamase, leading to cell lysis and death.
What group of antimicrobials can cause yellow teeth and can cause abnormal bone development? (#13)
Tetracyclines
What are three contraindications for use of prednisone? (#13)
Fungal infections. Corneal ulcers. Pregnant animals.
What is the difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics? #1
Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth and reproduction without necessarily killing the bacteria, while bactericidal antibiotics directly kill bacteria.
Do nutraceuticals require medical supervision to be dispensed?
No, nutraceuticals do not require medical supervision to be dispensed
TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 44985 of 67847
Normal aging leads to a change in what? What are the results of aging to the heart?
Body composition and redistribution of blood flow to the brain and heart. As a result, it decreases cardiac output.
TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 44284 of 67847
Side effects or adverse reactions are commonly linked to what for a drug?
They are commonly linked to the drugs mechanism of action.
TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 44235 of 67847
What are exceptions to the general rule of how a mechanisms of action generates its desired effect in a body?
The exception to this rule are drugs that produce effects on the basis of their physical characteristics alone instead of the interaction with cellular components.
TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 44222of 67847
What is the mechanism of action for Quinolones? #1
Quinolones disrupts DNA function resulting in bacterial cell death.
They interfere with DNA gyrase which is an enzyme that facilitates supercoiling of bacterial DNA.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug movement in the body and summarized in 4 main stages. What are they?
Absorbtion
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination
Beal, A., & Wortinger, A. (2022). Pharmacology and Pharmacy. In Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses (10th ed., pp. 879–879). Elsevier.
There are 5 schedules of controlled drugs. Describe the varying schedules and give an example for each.
Schedule I: Use of these drugs are not permitted in a practice setting in the US.
Examples: Heroin, LSD
Schedule II: There is risk of severe psychic or physical dependence in humans.
Examples: Opium, morphine, codeine, hydromorphone, cocaine, methadone, meperidine, fentanyl, carfentanil, pentobarbital, diphenoxylate
Schedule III: There is moderate to low risk of physical dependence but high psychological dependence in humans; an oral or written prescription is permitted for no more than 5 refills within 6 months.
Examples: Opioid combination products such as acetaminophen and codeine or hydrocodone, buprenorphine, thiopental, ketamine, tiletamine, zolazepam, anabolic steroids such as testosterone
Schedule IV: there is limited risk of physical or psychological dependence in humans; an oral or written prescription is permitted for no more than 5 refills within 6 months
Examples: Phenobarbital, butorphanol, alfaxalone, tramadol, diazepam, midazolam
Schedule V: There is no DEA limit on prescriptions
Examples: Codeine preparations (often antitussives), diphenoxylate preparations, for example that contain atropine
Beal, A., & Wortinger, A. (2022). Pharmacology and Pharmacy. In Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses (10th ed., pp. 878–878). Elsevier.
What are the preferable MOAs for ectoparasitics because they best prevent harm to the patient?
Agents that target the parasite’s nervous system
Agents that target the parasite’s growth and development
Beal, A., & Wortinger, A. (2022). Pharmacology and Pharmacy. In Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses (10th ed., pp. 886–887). Elsevier.
What are 5 cardiovascular associated drugs and what is their main function?
Diuretics: used to eliminate/reduce fluid buildup/edema
Inotropic agent/Positive inotropes: used to improve the contractility of cardiac muscle fibers
Antihypertensives: used to lower BP
Antiarrhythmics: used to control heart rhythm abnormalities
Anticoagulants: used to prevent the formation of thrombi/blood clots
Beal, A., & Wortinger, A. (2022). Pharmacology and Pharmacy. In Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses (10th ed., pp. 889–889). Elsevier.
What are factors that influence the distribution of drugs to the tissues?
- Relative tissue blood flow because highly perfused tissues achieve higher drug concentrations
- Degree of protein binding
- Degree of tissue binding because a drug with high affinity for tissue binding will tend to concentrate in tissues
- Physical anatomical barriers such as the blood brain barrier, epidural barrier, and the blood-testis barrier
Beal, A., & Wortinger, A. (2022). Pharmacology and Pharmacy. In Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses (10th ed., pp. 880–880). essay, Elsevier.
Do clients need a VCPR in order to get a prescription online?
- Yes
- No
ZZ, #5
Elsevier. (2022). Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Pharmacology. In Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses (10th ed.). essay.
Glucocorticosteroids cause which of the following side effects with long term use (more than1)?
- Bone marrow suppression
- Delayed wound healing
- GI ulceration
- PU/PD
- Skin thinning
ZZ, #5
Elsevier. (2022). Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Pharmacology. In Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses (10th ed.). essay.
Other than pre-medication what else can alpha-2 adrenergic agonists be used for?
- Analgesia
- Blood thinners
- Induce emesis
- Antiemetic
ZZ, #5
Cengage. (2021). In Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Pain Management for Veterinary Technicians. essay.
The study of drug movement in the body
8 JM
Pharmacokinetics
McCurnin’s 10th Edition pg 879
The study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the body
8JM
Pharmacodynamics
McCurnin’s 10th Edition pg 881
This occurs when absorbed drugs enter the liver via the portal vein and are broken down before having the change to be distributed to tissues
8JM
First pass effect
McCurnin’s 10th edition pg 880
The period after the last administered drug dose to a food-producing animal during which that animal cannot be slaughtered/milked, etc
8 JM
Withdrawal time
McCurnin’s 10th edition pg 896
Primary site of drug metabolism
8 JM
Liver
McCurnin’s 10th edition pg 882
Use of controlled drugs is restricted to a defined group of individuals registered with
The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 878
Over-the-counter drugs are approved and designated as such usually by
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 878
Metabolism is the chemical modification of a drug to
An active, inactive, or toxic metabolite
DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 880
Drug metabolism is also called
Biotransformation
DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 880
Factors that influence the distribution of drug to tissues include (4)
1) tissue blood flow or perfusion. 2) degree of protein binding. 3) degree of tissue binding. 4) physical anatomic barriers such as the blood brain barrier
DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 877
What is the difference between parentral drug administration and non-parentral drug administration?
Parentral drug administration involves drugs injected into tissues (most commonly subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous), while non-parentral drug administration involves administering drugs orally.
Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 879
What are therapeutic blood levels?
Therapeutic blood levels are the blood level required for a drug to exhibit the desired effect. Hydrophilic drugs often require parentral administration to achieve effective therapeutic blood levels.
Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 880
What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist?
An agonist is used to activate the action of an endogenous substrate at its receptor, while an antagonist is used to block the action of an endogenous substrate at its receptor.
Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 881
What is a half-life?
A half-life is the time needed for the amount of a drug to decrease by one half (50%) in the body.
Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 881
What routes of elimination for drugs are available in the body? What organs play a major role in drug elimination?
Drugs can be eliminated from the body through urine, bile, feces, expired air, milk, sweat, saliva, and tears. The kidneys and liver play a major role in drug elimination.
Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 880
What is the difference between the dosage of a drug and the drug dose?
Dosage is the expression of the amount of drug per body weight (e.g., mg/kg), whereas a drug dose (expressed in units) refers to the amount of the drug to be given in each administration.
Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition page: 879
What is bioavailability and which method of drug administration results in the highest level of bioavailability?
Bioavailability describes the drug dose fraction that reaches the bloodstream. The highest level of bioavailability (100%) is achieved through intravenous (IV) administration. This is described as a bioavailability of 1.
Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition page: 880
What is the difference between dose-dependent drug reactions and idiosyncratic drug reactions?
Dose-dependent drug reactions are predictable. They affect all members of a particular species and commonly affect more than one species. As the drug dose increases, so does the likelihood of these reactions. Therapeutic drug monitoring helps prevent these reactions.
Idiosyncratic drug reactions are not predictable. Only a small percentage of patients treated with the drug are affected. Multiple species may or may not be affected. Even though such reactions are not dose-dependent, increasing the dose still increases the risk of reaction. Therapeutic monitoring does not help prevent these reactions.
Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition page: 881
What causes side effects with the use of antifungal therapy?
If an antifungal drug targets cholesterol, which is the major sterol in mammalian cell membranes, this results in side effects (e.g., vomiting, anorexia, decreased appetite). Cholesterol is similar to ergosterol, and antifungal drugs bind to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes or inhibit its synthesis, causing the death of the cell.
Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition page: 885
What is another name for inotropic agents, and what are the two main inotropic agents used in veterinary patients?
Inotropic agents are also called positive inotropes. The two main positive inotropes in veterinary medicine are digoxin and pimobendan.
Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition page: 889
What is the difference between Insulin deficiency and Insulin Resistant Diabetes mellitus?
Insulin Deficiency requires injection of supplemental Insulin whereas Insulin Resistant Diabetes mellitus is treated with diet and activity modification.
Student #3 AF
McCurnin 10th edition page: 888
What is Drug Compounding?
Defined as any manipulation of a drug other than that described on the approved drug label. This is sometimes necessary to ensure a patient gets an appropriate amount of a drug.
Student #3
McCurnin 10th edition page: 896
What is Extra-Label Drug Use?
The actual use or intended use of a drug in an animal in a manner that is not in accordance with the approved labeling. Includes but is not limited to, use in a species not listed in labeling, use for indications, use at dosage levels, frequencies, or routes of administration and deviation from withdrawal time.
Student #3 AF
McCurnin 10th edition page: 895
What are Anticoagulants used for?
To prevent the formation of life-threatening blood clots, or thrombi, in patients with cardiovascular disease and other systemic diseases.
Student #3 AF
McCurnin 10th edition page: 889
What are the differences between Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism and what are the drugs used to treat these diseases?
Hypothyroidism is a condition associated with low-circulating thyroid hormone concentrations, Levothyroxine is the drug used to treat Hypothyroidism.
Hyperthyroidism is a condition associated with high-circulating thyroid hormone concentration, Methimazole is the drug used to treat Hyperthyroidism. The administration of radio-active iodine may also treat Hyperthyroidism.
Student #3 AF
McCurin 10th edition page: 886
What are common household measurements in mL equivalents?
5mL= 1 tsp
15mL= 1 tbsp
rp #9, Medical Mathematics and Calculations for Veterinary Technicians 3rd Edition, pg. 85
what is the equation to convert a % solution into mg/ mL?
given % = grams/ 100mL
The given % will give you the grams and the 100mL will stay constant.
Examples: 5%= 5g/ 100mL
22.2%= 22.2g/ 100mL
3.3%= 3.3g/ 100mL
rp #9, Medical Mathematics and Calculations for Veterinary Technicians 3rd Edition, pg. 166 under Diluting Percent Solutions
what can affect pharmakokinetics?
cardiovascular disease, kidney disease and liver disease
rp #9, McCurnin 10th Edition, pg. 881
What is the definition of Pharmacodynamics? What are the relevant parameters (4 total)?
The study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the body.
- Mechanism of action (MOA)
- Relationship between drug concentration and effect
- Side Effects
- Adverse Reactions
AF #2, McCurnin 10th Edition
What is the definition of Pharmacokinetics?
The study of drug movement in the body (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)
AF #2, McCurnin 10th Edition
Gentamicin, Amikacin, and Neomycin are examples of drugs from which drug class? What is the mechanism of action for this class?
- Aminoglycosides
- Inhibits bacterial ribosomal protein production (bactericidal)
AF #2, McCurnin 10th Edition
Furosemide is a diuretic that acts on which part of the kidney? What is its specific action, and what are the potential side effects of this drug?
- Loop of Henle (nephron)
- Inhibits sodium/potassium/chloride reabsorption.
- Hypokalemia, Hypochloremia, Metabolic Alkalosis
AF #2, McCurnin 10th Edition
What is the first-pass effect?
Drugs that are administered orally are first transported to the liver via the portal vein, causing for many drugs to be broken down before they have a chance to be distributed to tissues. This is why certain drugs must be administered parenterally.
AF #2, McCurnin 10th Edition
