Laboratory Procedures Flashcards
What is azotemia?
Increased nitrogenous wastes in the blood.
Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 364
Does electrolyte concentration in blood reflect extracellular fluid concentrations or intracellular fluid concentrations?
extracellular fluid concentrations (not a good indicator of intracellular or total body content)
Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 365
What is serology commonly used for?
Endocrinologic testing, detection of infectious agents, or drug testing
Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 368
What are some disadvantages to the free catch method of collecting urine?
Possible rupture of the bladder (if expressing manually) and contamination from the urethra and lower genital tract.
Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 369
What is crystalluria?
Crystals in the urine which form or dissolve depending on pH, concentration, and temperature
Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 373
Electrolyte disturbances resulting from altered function of the GI tract, kidney, skin, and endocrine systems play a role in what actions?
Regulating water balance and acid-base status
Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 365
What is the ideal timeframe for examining urine after it has been collected?
Urine should ideally be examined within 30 minutes of collection.
Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 369
What is the term for urine with a pH that is less than 7?
Aciduric
Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 371
What is the term for urine with a pH that is greater than 7?
Alkaluric
Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 371
What is the difference between preanalytical factors and analytical factors?
Preanalytical factors are factors with the potential to affect the quality of a sample before biochemical tests are run, while analytical factors are factors directly involved in performing a biochemical assay.
Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 365
What are some preanalytical factors that can affect the quality of test results for laboratory procedures?
-Pre-collection procedures
-Collection procedures
-Sample labeling, shipping, processing and handling
-Age
-Breed
-Diet
Student #6, MH
Mccurnin 10th edition, page 365
What are total proteins composed of?
-Albumin
-Globulins
Student #6, MH
Mccurnin 10th edition, page 365
What are some examples of collection techniques used for a UA?
-Cystocentesis
-Free catch
-Catheterization
-Collection from floor or cage (not preferred)
Student #6 MH
Mccurnin’s 10th edition, page 369
Normal urine contains glucose true or false?
False
Student #6 MH
Mccurnin’s 10th edition, page 372
What does a refractometry measure?
It measures the bending of light as it passes through a solution and is related to the density of a fluid.
Student#6 MH
Mccurnin’s 10th edition page 370
Preanalytical Factors that may impact quality of test results
Precollection/collection procedures, sample labeling/handling/processing, shipping procedures
DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 365
Serum enzymes that indicate hepatocellular damage
Small animal: ALT, AST
Large animal: AST, SDH
DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 364
Serum indications of muscle damage
AST (yes same as liver), CK
DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 364
Increased serum glucose may indicate
DM, excitement, stress
DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 364
Does the number of casts reflect the severity of disease?
No. Cellular, waxy, fatty casts are always abnormal.
DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 373
What chemistry parameters indicate azotemia?
13 TN, McCurnin 10th Ed
Increased BUN and Creatinine
pg 364
What are the most common collection tubes (cap colors) and what do they contain?
13, TN, McCurnin 10th Ed
Purple Top: EDTA
Blue Top: Sodium citrate
Yellow Top: Serum Separator
Red Top: No additive
Green Top: Heparin
pg 365
A urine specific gravity of 1.008-1.012 (dog) is labeled as what?
13, TN McCurnin 10th Ed
Isothenuric
pg 371
Urine Color and indications:
13, TN McCurnin 10th Ed
Yellow to amber: Normal
Red to reddish brown: hematuria, hemoglobinuria, or myoglobinuria
Dark yellow to brown to green: bilirubin excess, drug treatment
pg 371
How can hematuria be distinguished from hemoglobinuria?
13, TN McCurnin 10th Ed
Allow urine sample to sit or centrifuge the sample. RBCs will settle to the bottom of the sample, while hemoglobin and myeloglobin remain suspended.
pg 371
What elements are considered electrolytes?
Sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, and phosphorus.
TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 18796 of 67848 (1 out of 5 cards)
Electrolyte disturbances may result from altered function of what body systems?
GI tract, kidney, skin, and endocrine systems
TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 18796 of 67848 (2 out of 5 cards)
What information might be on specimen labels?
Names of the owner and the patient, medical record number, age, breed, and sex.
TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 18868 of 67848 (3 out of 5 cards)
What are control samples used to monitor?
The performance of a test to ensure that the instrument and/or test procedure is working correctly and consistently.
TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 18931 of 67848 (4 out of 5 cards)
What does the SNAP4Dx Plus test from IDEXX screen for?
Heartworm antigen, along with antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease), Ehrlichia canis/E. ewingii, and Anaplasma phagocytophyllum/A. platys.
TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 19019 of 67848 (5 out of 5 cards)
what are three factors that can affect USG?
- fluids
- diuretics
- corticosteroids
RP #9 McCurnin 10th Ed pg 371
what apparatus is useful in recovering larvae of lungworms?
Baermann apparatus
RP #9 McCurnin 10th Ed pg 384
Two common tests of the coagulation cascade include
APTT (Activated partial thromboplastin time) and PT (prothrombin time)
JM #8 McCurnin 10th ed pg 358
On a blood smear, red blood cells resembling a stack of coins is called____?
Rouleaux
JM #8 McCurnin 10th ed pg 349
Ideally urine should be examined within ___minutes of collection
30 mins
JM #8 McCurnin 10th Ed pg 369
An increased number of circulating band neutrophils is called?
8 JM McCurnin 10th Ed pg 356
Left shift
This test detects subclinical mastitis and the positive sample has a gel formation
8 JM McCurnin 10th Ed pg 416
California Mastitis Test or CMT
Why is it critical that the Veterinary technician is knowledgeable about proper sample collection, processing, storage, and quality control?
It is critical that the Veterinary technician is knowledgeable about proper collection, processing, storage, and quality control to ensure accurate and reliable results.
Student #3, AF
McCurnin 10th Edition page 364
Card 1
Why is fasting not required for ruminants prior to most bloodwork?
4 JG
There is continual digestion in the rumen which eliminates significant postprandial changes.
Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021, March 25). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p.365)
Visual inspection of plasma or serum may indicate the presence of common interfering substances. What do those look like?
Normal: clear and colorless in dogs and cats/ horses and ruminants light yellow
Hemolysis: red discoloration
Bilirubin: yellow to orange color
Lipemia: increased turbidity of the sample, from haziness to milky appearance. Often accompanied by in vitro hemolysis which gives the same a pink, milky appearance
Student #3, AF
McCurnin 10th edition page 366
Card 3
What conditions may result in hemolysis during blood collection?
4 JG
Difficult venipuncture
Excessive pressure on the syringe
Rough transfer of blood to the collection tube
Vigorous mixing
Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021, March 25). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p.365)
What is Cylindruria?
An increased number of casts is called Cylindruria.
Student #3, AF
McCurnin 10th edition page 373
Card 4
When may heparinized plasma be used for a diagnostic test over serum?
4 JG
When sample size is limited, such as when taken from a bird or other small pet.
Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021, March 25). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p.365)
What is Serology commonly used for?
Serology is commonly used for endocrinologic testing, detection of infectious agents or drug testing.
Student #3, AF
McCurnin 10th edition page 368
Card 5
In what tube is serum preferably collected in? In what tube is heparinized plasma collected in?
4 JG
Serum: red top tube with no anticoagulant
Heparinized plasma: green top tube with lithium heparin
Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021, March 25). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p.365)
What is an advantage and a disadvantage of heparinized samples?
4 JG
Advantage: both hematology and chemistry data can be obtained from a single green top tube.
Disadvantage: cell morphology and staining quality of blood smears made from heparinized samples are not ideal
Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021, March 25). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p.365)
How can fibrinolysis be evaluated?
Fibrinolysis can be evaluated by measuring fibrinogen degredation products. FDP’s form when fibrinogen undergoes proteolysis by palsmin.
#1 CE
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 358
What is the most abundant granulocyte in rabbits?
Heterophils are the most abundant granulocyte in rabbits and in some nonmammalian species.
#1 CE
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 356
How are spherocytes differentiated from normal red blood cells?
Spherocytes are RBS’s that do not have the same central zone of pallor and arfe usually smaller and more dense than normal RBC’s
#1 CE
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 351
What is anisocytosis?
Anisocytosis is a variation in sizes of RBCs
#1 CE
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 345
In Camelids, what shape are the RBC’s?
Camelid RBCs are oval shaped, whereas in animals such as dogs these tend to be circular with a prominent central zone.
#1 CE
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 351
What preanalytical factors can affect the quality of test results?
- Precollection and collection procedures
- Sample labeling
- Sample handling and processing
- Shipping procedures
Student: #2, AF
McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses – 10th Edition (Chapter 12, page 365)
What are the different types of testing that serology can be performed with?
- Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
- Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
- Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA)
- Western blot analysis
- Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID)
- Viral neutralization
- Hemagglutination inhibition
- Complement fixation
Student: #2, AF
McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses – 10th Edition (Chapter 12, page 368)
What is the minimal USG reading that should be reached by dehydrated animals (Dog, cat, horse, cattle)?
- Dog: 1.030
- Cat: 1.035
- Horse and cattle: 1.025
Student: #2, AF
McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses – 10th Edition (Chapter 12, page 371)
What are some examples of diseases that can result with ketonuria?
- Increased lipid or impaired carbohydrate metabolism due to diabetic ketoacidosis (dogs and cats)
- Ketosis in cattle
- Starvation
Student: #2, AF
McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses – 10th Edition (Chapter 12, page 372)
What are waxy casts? How do they appear on cytology?
- They are the result of continued degeneration of granular casts, indication of a chronic renal lesion.
- They are smooth with blunt ends and folds or cracks.
Student: #2, AF
McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses – 10th Edition (Chapter 12, page 373)
what is the preferred anticoagulant for hematology testing and coagulation testing?
hematology: EDTA
coagulation: citrate
RP #9 Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians 7th Ed E- Book pg 208
where are casts form and what urine pH are they usually found in?
- in the lumen of the distal and collecting tubule of the kidney
- acidic urine
RP #9 Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians 7th Ed E- Book pg 7371
what temperature do we typically culture bacteria at?
37 C (98.6 F)
RP #9 Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians 7th Ed E- Book pg 7371
