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VET 2050 SP24 > Laboratory Procedures > Flashcards

Laboratory Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

What is azotemia?

A

Increased nitrogenous wastes in the blood.

Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 364

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2
Q

Does electrolyte concentration in blood reflect extracellular fluid concentrations or intracellular fluid concentrations?

A

extracellular fluid concentrations (not a good indicator of intracellular or total body content)

Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 365

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3
Q

What is serology commonly used for?

A

Endocrinologic testing, detection of infectious agents, or drug testing

Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 368

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4
Q

What are some disadvantages to the free catch method of collecting urine?

A

Possible rupture of the bladder (if expressing manually) and contamination from the urethra and lower genital tract.

Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 369

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5
Q

What is crystalluria?

A

Crystals in the urine which form or dissolve depending on pH, concentration, and temperature

Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 373

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6
Q

Electrolyte disturbances resulting from altered function of the GI tract, kidney, skin, and endocrine systems play a role in what actions?

A

Regulating water balance and acid-base status

Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 365

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7
Q

What is the ideal timeframe for examining urine after it has been collected?

A

Urine should ideally be examined within 30 minutes of collection.

Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 369

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8
Q

What is the term for urine with a pH that is less than 7?

A

Aciduric

Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 371

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9
Q

What is the term for urine with a pH that is greater than 7?

A

Alkaluric

Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 371

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10
Q

What is the difference between preanalytical factors and analytical factors?

A

Preanalytical factors are factors with the potential to affect the quality of a sample before biochemical tests are run, while analytical factors are factors directly involved in performing a biochemical assay.

Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 365

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11
Q

What are some preanalytical factors that can affect the quality of test results for laboratory procedures?

A

-Pre-collection procedures
-Collection procedures
-Sample labeling, shipping, processing and handling
-Age
-Breed
-Diet

Student #6, MH
Mccurnin 10th edition, page 365

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12
Q

What are total proteins composed of?

A

-Albumin
-Globulins

Student #6, MH
Mccurnin 10th edition, page 365

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13
Q

What are some examples of collection techniques used for a UA?

A

-Cystocentesis
-Free catch
-Catheterization
-Collection from floor or cage (not preferred)

Student #6 MH
Mccurnin’s 10th edition, page 369

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14
Q

Normal urine contains glucose true or false?

A

False

Student #6 MH
Mccurnin’s 10th edition, page 372

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15
Q

What does a refractometry measure?

A

It measures the bending of light as it passes through a solution and is related to the density of a fluid.

Student#6 MH
Mccurnin’s 10th edition page 370

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16
Q

Preanalytical Factors that may impact quality of test results

A

Precollection/collection procedures, sample labeling/handling/processing, shipping procedures

DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 365

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17
Q

Serum enzymes that indicate hepatocellular damage

A

Small animal: ALT, AST
Large animal: AST, SDH

DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 364

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18
Q

Serum indications of muscle damage

A

AST (yes same as liver), CK

DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 364

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19
Q

Increased serum glucose may indicate

A

DM, excitement, stress

DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 364

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20
Q

Does the number of casts reflect the severity of disease?

A

No. Cellular, waxy, fatty casts are always abnormal.

DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 373

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21
Q

What chemistry parameters indicate azotemia?

A

13 TN, McCurnin 10th Ed

Increased BUN and Creatinine

pg 364

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22
Q

What are the most common collection tubes (cap colors) and what do they contain?

A

13, TN, McCurnin 10th Ed

Purple Top: EDTA
Blue Top: Sodium citrate
Yellow Top: Serum Separator
Red Top: No additive
Green Top: Heparin

pg 365

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23
Q

A urine specific gravity of 1.008-1.012 (dog) is labeled as what?

A

13, TN McCurnin 10th Ed

Isothenuric

pg 371

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24
Q

Urine Color and indications:

A

13, TN McCurnin 10th Ed

Yellow to amber: Normal
Red to reddish brown: hematuria, hemoglobinuria, or myoglobinuria
Dark yellow to brown to green: bilirubin excess, drug treatment

pg 371

25
Q

How can hematuria be distinguished from hemoglobinuria?

A

13, TN McCurnin 10th Ed

Allow urine sample to sit or centrifuge the sample. RBCs will settle to the bottom of the sample, while hemoglobin and myeloglobin remain suspended.

pg 371

26
Q

What elements are considered electrolytes?

A

Sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, and phosphorus.

TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 18796 of 67848 (1 out of 5 cards)

27
Q

Electrolyte disturbances may result from altered function of what body systems?

A

GI tract, kidney, skin, and endocrine systems

TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 18796 of 67848 (2 out of 5 cards)

28
Q

What information might be on specimen labels?

A

Names of the owner and the patient, medical record number, age, breed, and sex.

TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 18868 of 67848 (3 out of 5 cards)

29
Q

What are control samples used to monitor?

A

The performance of a test to ensure that the instrument and/or test procedure is working correctly and consistently.

TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 18931 of 67848 (4 out of 5 cards)

30
Q

What does the SNAP4Dx Plus test from IDEXX screen for?

A

Heartworm antigen, along with antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease), Ehrlichia canis/E. ewingii, and Anaplasma phagocytophyllum/A. platys.

TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 19019 of 67848 (5 out of 5 cards)

31
Q

what are three factors that can affect USG?

A
  1. fluids
  2. diuretics
  3. corticosteroids

RP #9 McCurnin 10th Ed pg 371

32
Q

what apparatus is useful in recovering larvae of lungworms?

A

Baermann apparatus

RP #9 McCurnin 10th Ed pg 384

33
Q

Two common tests of the coagulation cascade include

A

APTT (Activated partial thromboplastin time) and PT (prothrombin time)

JM #8 McCurnin 10th ed pg 358

34
Q

On a blood smear, red blood cells resembling a stack of coins is called____?

A

Rouleaux

JM #8 McCurnin 10th ed pg 349

35
Q

Ideally urine should be examined within ___minutes of collection

A

30 mins

JM #8 McCurnin 10th Ed pg 369

36
Q

An increased number of circulating band neutrophils is called?

A

8 JM McCurnin 10th Ed pg 356

Left shift

37
Q

This test detects subclinical mastitis and the positive sample has a gel formation

A

8 JM McCurnin 10th Ed pg 416

California Mastitis Test or CMT

38
Q

Why is it critical that the Veterinary technician is knowledgeable about proper sample collection, processing, storage, and quality control?

A

It is critical that the Veterinary technician is knowledgeable about proper collection, processing, storage, and quality control to ensure accurate and reliable results.

Student #3, AF
McCurnin 10th Edition page 364
Card 1

39
Q

Why is fasting not required for ruminants prior to most bloodwork?

A

4 JG

There is continual digestion in the rumen which eliminates significant postprandial changes.

Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021, March 25). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p.365)

40
Q

Visual inspection of plasma or serum may indicate the presence of common interfering substances. What do those look like?

A

Normal: clear and colorless in dogs and cats/ horses and ruminants light yellow

Hemolysis: red discoloration

Bilirubin: yellow to orange color

Lipemia: increased turbidity of the sample, from haziness to milky appearance. Often accompanied by in vitro hemolysis which gives the same a pink, milky appearance

Student #3, AF
McCurnin 10th edition page 366
Card 3

41
Q

What conditions may result in hemolysis during blood collection?

A

4 JG

Difficult venipuncture
Excessive pressure on the syringe
Rough transfer of blood to the collection tube
Vigorous mixing

Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021, March 25). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p.365)

42
Q

What is Cylindruria?

A

An increased number of casts is called Cylindruria.

Student #3, AF
McCurnin 10th edition page 373
Card 4

43
Q

When may heparinized plasma be used for a diagnostic test over serum?

A

4 JG

When sample size is limited, such as when taken from a bird or other small pet.

Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021, March 25). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p.365)

44
Q

What is Serology commonly used for?

A

Serology is commonly used for endocrinologic testing, detection of infectious agents or drug testing.

Student #3, AF
McCurnin 10th edition page 368
Card 5

45
Q

In what tube is serum preferably collected in? In what tube is heparinized plasma collected in?

A

4 JG

Serum: red top tube with no anticoagulant
Heparinized plasma: green top tube with lithium heparin

Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021, March 25). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p.365)

46
Q

What is an advantage and a disadvantage of heparinized samples?

A

4 JG

Advantage: both hematology and chemistry data can be obtained from a single green top tube.
Disadvantage: cell morphology and staining quality of blood smears made from heparinized samples are not ideal

Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021, March 25). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p.365)

47
Q

How can fibrinolysis be evaluated?

A

Fibrinolysis can be evaluated by measuring fibrinogen degredation products. FDP’s form when fibrinogen undergoes proteolysis by palsmin.
#1 CE
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 358

48
Q

What is the most abundant granulocyte in rabbits?

A

Heterophils are the most abundant granulocyte in rabbits and in some nonmammalian species.
#1 CE
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 356

49
Q

How are spherocytes differentiated from normal red blood cells?

A

Spherocytes are RBS’s that do not have the same central zone of pallor and arfe usually smaller and more dense than normal RBC’s
#1 CE
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 351

50
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

Anisocytosis is a variation in sizes of RBCs
#1 CE
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 345

51
Q

In Camelids, what shape are the RBC’s?

A

Camelid RBCs are oval shaped, whereas in animals such as dogs these tend to be circular with a prominent central zone.
#1 CE
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 351

52
Q

What preanalytical factors can affect the quality of test results?

A
  • Precollection and collection procedures
  • Sample labeling
  • Sample handling and processing
  • Shipping procedures

Student: #2, AF
McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses – 10th Edition (Chapter 12, page 365)

53
Q

What are the different types of testing that serology can be performed with?

A
  • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
  • Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
  • Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA)
  • Western blot analysis
  • Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID)
  • Viral neutralization
  • Hemagglutination inhibition
  • Complement fixation

Student: #2, AF
McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses – 10th Edition (Chapter 12, page 368)

54
Q

What is the minimal USG reading that should be reached by dehydrated animals (Dog, cat, horse, cattle)?

A
  • Dog: 1.030
  • Cat: 1.035
  • Horse and cattle: 1.025

Student: #2, AF
McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses – 10th Edition (Chapter 12, page 371)

55
Q

What are some examples of diseases that can result with ketonuria?

A
  • Increased lipid or impaired carbohydrate metabolism due to diabetic ketoacidosis (dogs and cats)
  • Ketosis in cattle
  • Starvation

Student: #2, AF
McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses – 10th Edition (Chapter 12, page 372)

56
Q

What are waxy casts? How do they appear on cytology?

A
  • They are the result of continued degeneration of granular casts, indication of a chronic renal lesion.
  • They are smooth with blunt ends and folds or cracks.

Student: #2, AF
McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses – 10th Edition (Chapter 12, page 373)

57
Q

what is the preferred anticoagulant for hematology testing and coagulation testing?

A

hematology: EDTA
coagulation: citrate

RP #9 Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians 7th Ed E- Book pg 208

58
Q

where are casts form and what urine pH are they usually found in?

A
  • in the lumen of the distal and collecting tubule of the kidney
  • acidic urine

RP #9 Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians 7th Ed E- Book pg 7371

59
Q

what temperature do we typically culture bacteria at?

A

37 C (98.6 F)

RP #9 Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians 7th Ed E- Book pg 7371

VET 2050 SP24 (10 decks)

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