ER Flashcards
What is the purpose of transfaunation and what species can it be performed in?
4 JG
The purpose of transfaunation is to enhance rumen function by repopulating rumen microbes by transferring the ruminal microbes from one individual to another. It can be performed in any ruminant species and across species.
Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021, March 25). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p. 815)
What are some of the suggested items that should be included in a farm animal dystocia kit?
Obstetric chains: should be sterile and used in the vaginal extraction of calves
Chain handles
Head snare
Eye hooks: can be used in cattle to attach directly under the medial canthus of the eyes to apply traction to the head; can also be used in live calves without causing severe trauma due to the anatomy of cattle heads
Krey hook: device that can be used to grab fetal parts when a fetotomy is performed
Finger knife: tool that is used to make cuts in a fetus while protecting maternal tissues
Sterile water-based lubricant
Bucket
Pump
Soft tube
Fetatome: device that uses obstetric wire to cut a dead fetus into smaller parts so it can be extracted more easily; requires 2 people to operate
Obstetric wire
Wire introducer
Wire passer
Wire cutters
Calf jack: winch used to apply traction on obstetric chains for extraction of a large fetus
Soft rope (such as a clothesline)
#4 JG
Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021, March 25). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p. 819)
What abnormalities on physical exam that may prompt the utilization of an EKG to look for an arrhythmia?
4 JG
Irregular rhythms
Tachycardia
Bradycardia
Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021, March 25). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p. 793)
What are common causes of arrythmias besides advanced cardiac disease?
4 JG
Drugs such as Digoxin and Albuterol
Toxins such as Bufo toad toxicosis
Myocarditis
Systemic diseases such as electrolyte imbalances (especially calcium and potassium), thyroid disease, abdominal neoplasia (especially splenic and adrenal), GDV, trauma, sepsis and shock
Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021, March 25). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p. 793)
Acute abdomen refers to the sudden onset of abdominal pain that is often severe and of unknown origin. When assessing a patient with this condition, what are important questions to ask the owner while obtaining a history?
4 JG
Is the patient vomiting? If so, what does it look like?
Is the patient having diarrhea? If so, what does it look like?
Has the patient had periodic episodes of pale mucous membrane and collapse?
Is there vaginal or preputial discharge present?
If the patient is male, is he intact? If so, have the testicles descended?
Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021, March 25). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p. 790)
What is triage?
Triage is a process for sorting ill or injured animals into groups based on their need for or likely benefit from immediate medical treatment.
Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 775
What are the ABC’s of a primary survey for triage?
A: Airway/Attitude
B: Breathing, Bleeding
C: Cardiovascular, Circulation
Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 775
What are the different categories of mentation?
Normal: alert and interactive with environment
Dull/depressed: interactive with environment but not bright and eager to interact
Obtunded/delirious: reacts appropriately to stimuli, but at a lower level or slower pace than normal
Stuporous: Completely disconnected from the environment and reacts only to noxious stimuli
Comatose: Completely disconnected from the environment and does not react to any stimulus at all
Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 777
What is hypovolemia?
Loss of intravascular volume (commonly occurs with shock, trauma, hemorrhage, or profuse vomiting and diarrhea)
Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 778
What is SIRS?
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (results in widespread vasodilation leading to hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, fever, and increases or decreases in white blood cell count
Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 781
What does the initial triage examination of the cardiovascular system involve?
Assessment of mentation (decreased mentation can indicate shock), HR and rhythm, pulse quality, capillary refill time, extremity temperature, and mucous membrane color
Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 776
What are some common causes of dehydration in veterinary patients?
Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive panting, polyuria, or decreased water intake
Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 777
What does the treatment for dehydration involve?
The treatment involves replacement of the fluid deficit over several hours. If the patient has severe hypernatremia, rehydration should take place over 48 to 72 hours because rapid rehydration could lead to cerebral edema. Patients should be monitored during rehydration for fluid loss through vomiting, diarrhea, or polyuria and fluid therapy plans adjusted accordingly.
Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 778
What does the pulse oximeter measure?
The pulse oximeter determines the percent saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen. Normal animals should read between 95% and 100%.
Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 779
What causes distributive shock to occur?
Distributive shock occurs from maldistribution of blood flow, from inappropriate vasodilation leading to pooling of blood in the capillaries. This type of shock is seen with anaphylaxis, sepsis, heat stroke, and envenomation.
Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 780
What is always important to consider first when treating a critically ill or injured patient??
Adequate pain control
Student #6, MH
Mccurnin’s 10th edition page 777
What are some examples of what is included on a crash cart?
Emergency medications
Needles
Fluids various types
Syringes
Laryngoscope
Various ET tubes
Ambubag
Instrument packs
Suction devices with various tubing
Student #6, MH
Mccurnin’s 10th edition, page 779
What does MODS stand for and what is it?
MODS stands for multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.
MODS is a complication due to shock or sepsis. As the SIRS response progresses to microvascular clotting organ failure can occur in various organs. MODS if left untreated can lead to permanent organ failure and death. Organs affected include kidneys, liver, lungs, brain and heart.
Student #6, MH
Mccurnin’s 10th edition, page 781
During CPR how long are you supposed to perform chest compressions?
2 minutes for the sake of fatigue
Student #6, MH
Mccurnin’s 10th edition, page 785
What drugs are safe to administer through and ET tube?
N- naloxone
A- atropine
V- vasopressin
E- epinephrine
L-Lidocaine
Student #6, MH
Mccurnin’s 10th edition, page 787
As the patient is approached, what three things are looked at? (Respiratory System)
Respiratory rate, effort, and pattern.
TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 39437 of 67848 (1 out of 5 cards)
At [BLANK] point during the primary survey, the assessment can be discontinued and emergency treatment initiated.
Any
TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 39437 of 67848 (2 out of 5 cards)
What is the focus of the initial triage neurologic examination?
To determine whether evidence of traumatic brain injury is present.
TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 39491 of 67848 (3 out of 5 cards)
Findings that support TBI’s include?
Abrupt changes in mentation, changes in pupil size, symmetry, and responsiveness; altered gait or posture; altered proprioception; and evidence of trauma to the head.
TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 39491 of 67848 (4 out of 5 cards)
What is one of the most common emergencies in equine practice?
Colic.
TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 40700 of 67848 (5 out of 5 cards)
How are arrest the arrest rhythms asystole and PEA typically treated?
8 JM
Drugs such as epinephrine, vasopressin, or atropine
McCurnin’s 10th ed pg 786
This drug is an osmotic diuretic used to decrease cerebral edema in the post-arrest patient?
8 JM
Mannitol
McCurnin’s 10th ed pg 788
What type of physical exam abnormalities should prompt ECG evaluation?
8 JM
Irregular rhythm, bradycardia, tachycardia
McCurnin’s 10th ed pg 793
This device connects to an arterial catheter to monitor blood pressure
8 JM
Pressure transducer
McCurnin’s 10th ed pg 789
How often should arterial catheters be flushed?
8 JM
Every 2 hours to prevent clots
McCurnin’s 10th Ed pg 789
What is bradypnea commonly associated with?
13, TN McCurnin 10th Ed
Exposure to toxins or elevated intracranial pressure.
pg 776
What are some common laboratory abnormalities for patients that have dehydration?
13, TN McCurnin 10th Ed
Hemoconcentration, azotemia, hypernatremia, and elevated albumin.
pg 778
What occurs during the secondary survey of a patient in the emergency room?
13, TN McCurnin 10th Ed
A more detailed physical examination is conducted and non-life threatening problems are addressed.
pg 779
What is a patient at risk for after being resuscitated?
13 TN McCurnin 10th Ed
Pulmonary edema, atelectasis, pulmonary thromboembolism, and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
pg 787
Why is bradycardia important to note on a patient with a urethral obstruction?
13 TN McCurnin 10th Ed
Bradycardia may be a result of hyperkalemia. When the body is holding onto too much potassium due to an obstruction or renal failure, the potassium will begin affecting heart muscle and function.
pg 791
What are examples of initial diagnostics? What does initial diagnostics mean?
- PCV/TP, blood glucose, blood gas analysis, blood pressure, pulse oximetry, ECG, FAST scans of the abdomen and/or thorax
- Initial diagnostics: limited, high-yield diagnostics performed after the initial triage exam.
Student: #2, AF
McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses – 10th Edition (Chapter 25, page 778)
What are common causes of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)?
- Trauma
- Surgery
- Shock
- Cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) or cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
- Pancreatitis
- Heat stroke
- Envenomation
- Immune mediate disease
- Neoplasia
- Infection (sepsis)
Student: #2, AF
McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses – 10th Edition (Chapter 25, page 781)
What is SIRS?
SIRS = systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Results in widespread vasodilation, leading to hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, fever, and increased or decreased white blood cell count.
Student: #2, AF
McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses – 10th Edition (Chapter 25, page 781)
What is advanced life support during CPR?
Medications, defibrillation, and open-chest procedures.
Student: #2, AF
McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses – 10th Edition (Chapter 25, page 784)
What is an arrhythmia?
Arrhythmia = a disturbance in the rate, regularity, or site of cardiac impulse formation.
Student: #2, AF
McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses – 10th Edition (Chapter 25, page 796)
What does a “praying posture” indicate?
Severe abdominal pain.
DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 777
Define borborygmi
Rumbling/growling sounds made by the GI tract
DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 776
Borborygmi in the thorax could indicate
A diaphragmatic hernia, although it could be referred from the abdomen
DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 776
Rectal palpation of equines in colic
Helps identify which part of the GI, if any, that is causing the colic
DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 804
Bandage option for distal limb fracture in equine
Kimzey Leg Saver splint
DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 810
what is a common cause of stone in small ruminants?
ingestion of high- phosphorus diets, such as those high concentrates (grain)
rp,9, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 821
T or F
the only way for a successful vaginal delivery is for the head and front limbs of the fetus to be towards the pelvis
False
for successful delivery the head OR hind legs can come out first
rp,9, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 820
which side of the ruminant would we approach to fix a abomasal volvulus, cecal volvulus or any other GI abnormality?
R flank region while standing
rp,9, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 813
what do we need to check for prior to flushing a deep wound?
synovial fluid
rp,9, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 812
what is an epistaxis? is it serious complication?
a nosebleed
not serious and will go away within minutes
a common occurrence after removal of a passage of a nasogastric tube
rp,9, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 804
When using an arterial pressure transducer how often should the arterial catheter be flushed to prevent clots?
Every 2 hours.
ZZ #5
Bassert, J. M., Beal, A. D., Samples, O. M., & McCurnin, D. M. (2022). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. Elsevier. (pg 789)
What are some initial diagnostics?
PCV, TP, Blood glucose, blood gas analysis, blood pressure, pulse oximetry, ECG, and FAST (focused assessment with sonography in trauma)
Student #3, AF
McCurnin 10th Edition page 778
Card 2
What is Cardiogenic Shock?
Cardiogenic shock occurs secondary to problems in the heart itself. Patients will have weak pulses, Hypotension, and pale mucous membranes. Or Forward failure of the heart.
Student #3, AF
McCurnin 10th Edition page 780
Card 3
In cases of urethral obstruction, what can be given if hyperkalemia is confirmed?
Calcium gluconate (0.5 ml/kg)
ZZ, #5
Bassert, J. M., Beal, A. D., Samples, O. M., & McCurnin, D. M. (2022). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. Elsevier. (pg 790)
What are signs that a horse is feeling mild pain?
Pawing, stretching with or without urination, curling the upper lip, standing still.
ZZ #5
Bassert, J. M., Beal, A. D., Samples, O. M., & McCurnin, D. M. (2022). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. Elsevier. (p 803)
What happens during Cardiopulmonary Arrest?
Cardiopulmonary Arrest or CPA involves cessation of spontaneous respirations and lack of a perfusing heart rhythm. It most often occurs as a terminal event in a chronic disease process. However, previously healthy animals can experience CPA after trauma, critical illness, or anesthesia complications.
Student #3, AF
McCurnin 10th Edition page 784
Card 4
What is normal for peritoneal fluids in equines?
Clear to yellow/straw colored
<5000 WBC/ microliter
TP: <2.5 mmol/dL
Lactate: <2.0 mmol/dl
Glucose: >50 mg/dl
ZZ #5
Bassert, J. M., Beal, A. D., Samples, O. M., & McCurnin, D. M. (2022). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. Elsevier. (pg 805)
What is the indication that a colic needs surgical intervention?
Pain despite sedation.
ZZ #5
Bassert, J. M., Beal, A. D., Samples, O. M., & McCurnin, D. M. (2022). McCurnin’s clinical textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. Elsevier. (pg805)
What is Syncope and what should be performed on patients with a history of syncope?
Syncope is fainting and an ECG should always be performed on patients with a history.
Student #3, AF
McCurnin 10th Edition page 793
Card 5
