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VET 2050 SP24 > Diagnostic Imaging > Flashcards

Diagnostic Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

eWhat is the elongation of a radiograph and how do we avoid it?

A

4 JG

The elongation of a radiograph is a geometric distortion that may occur when the when the x-ray beam and the structure are not centered to each other, creating an image that appears longer than normal. To avoid elongation, position the patient directly centered under the beam.

Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021a, March 25). McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p. 460)

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2
Q

What is the foreshortening of a radiograph and how do we avoid it?

A

4 JG

The foreshortening of a radiograph is a geometric distortion that occurs when the patient is lifted off the image receptor while another part is in contact with the image receptor causing the image to appear shorter than it actually is. To avoid foreshortening due to different thicknesses of tissues surrounding bones, the distal end of the limb can be held parallel to the image receptor to minimize this effect.

Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021a, March 25). McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p. 460)

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3
Q

What are the three sources of radiation exposure for technicians?

A

4 JG

Primary beam: radiation exposure as it first comes out of the tube
Scatter radiation: main culprit of technician exposure; produced when an object (the patient), interacts with the path of the primary beam, scattering radiation in all directions; can be minimized by collimating down
Leakage radiation: though less common with newer machines, older machines do not filter lower-level x-rays coming from the tube

Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021a, March 25). McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p. 462)

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4
Q

What is the risk of an individual were to exceed the MPD? What is the MPD for occupational personnel? What is the MPD for nonoccupational personnel?

A

4 JG

If an individual receives more than the maximum permissible dose, they are more likely to have physical effects from radiation exposure.

Occupational personnel: 0.05 Sv/year
Nonoccupational Personnel: 0.005 Sv/year

Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021a, March 25). McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p. 463)

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5
Q

What are the two major concerns in regard to the technician’s exposure to x-rays?

A

4 JG

Stochastic effects: result from an accumulation of radiation doses over a period of time. Damage may not be evident right away but may take many years for exposure to manifest; deterministic effects are also a concern and occur shortly after exposure but are less severe and generally uncommon
Genetic effects: occur when radiation damages the DNA of the recipient’s reproductive cells, producing damage in future generations

Bassert, J. M., Beel, A. D., & Samples, O. M. (2021a, March 25). McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and nurses. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses - 10th Edition. (p. 462)

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6
Q

Which side of the tube that contains one or two filaments enclosed in a focusing cup is considered the positive side and which side is considered negative?

A

The positive side is referred to as the anode and the negative side is the cathode.

Student #6, MH
Mccurnin’s 10th edition, page 444-445

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7
Q

How do you estimate the amount of kVp needed mathematically?

A

By using Sante’s rule which is
(2 x thickness of tissue in cm) + distance =kVp

Student #6, MH
Mccurnin’s 10th edition, page 449

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8
Q

How does geometric distortion occur and what is an example of it and how does it occur as well?

A

It occurs due to improper positioning of the patient, image receptor, or x-ray tube.
Magnification is the most common example and occurs when the anatomic area is not close enough to the image receptor.

Studen#6, MH
Mccurnin’s 10th edition. page 459

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9
Q

What does MPD stand for and what does it mean? What is the name of the device we use to measure this?

A

MPD stands for the maximum permissible dose. This means that this is the maximum dose of radiation a person is allowed to receive during occupational exposure over a specified time.
The device we use to measure this is a dosimeter.

Student#6, MH
Mccurnin’s 10th edition, page 463

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10
Q

We are trying to get a caudocranial view of the stifle and tibia/fibula. What is the positioning of the patient and the borders of the beam for both?

A

Patient is in sternal recumbency with the affected limb extended caudally. The limb is rotated medially so the patella is centered in the trochlear groove. The contralateral limb is flexed and abducted out of the view.
Borders for the stifle include from the distal third of the femur to the proximal third of the tibia/fibula.
Borders for the tibia/fibula include from the stifle joint to the tarsus joint.

Student #6, MH
Mccurnins’ 10th edition, page 468

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11
Q

What does milliamperage (mA) control?

A

The mA setting controls the quantity of electrons boiled off the filament in the x-ray tube, which affects the number of x-rays produced on the anode.

Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 448

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12
Q

What is exposure time?

A

Exposure time is the time during which electrons are released from the focusing cup and accelerated across the tube for x-ray production to occur.

Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 449

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13
Q

What is kilovoltage (kVp)?

A

Kilovoltage is the quality factor that regulates the energy (or the penetrating power) of the x-ray beam.

Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 449

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14
Q

What is a technique chart?

A

A technique chart provides suggested exposure factors to use based on the anatomic part being radiographed, the thickness of the tissue, and the position of the patient. It provides the technician with predetermined exposure settings for various radiographs to be taken to receive an image of good diagnostic quality.

Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 451

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15
Q

What is the definition of screen speed?

A

Screen speed refers to the ability to convert absorbed x-ray energy into visible light.

Student #11, JM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 453

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16
Q

What is teleradiology and how does it aid the field of veterinary medicine?

A

Teleradiology allows the transmission of digital data across the internet from private practices to referral centers, where specialists can receive the images almost immediately. They can then interpret them and send them back quickly with a written report. This removes the delayed response time that comes with packaging and labeling films to be sent by mail.

Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 458

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17
Q

What does radiographic density refer to?

A

Radiographic density refers to the degree of darkness on the image. If an image has increased radiographic density, it means that it is darker. The primary factor affecting density is the mAs setting.

Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 458

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18
Q

What does radiographic contrast refer to?

A

Radiographic contrast refers to the difference in radiographic density between two areas on the radiograph. Contrast on the image is mostly influenced by the kVp setting.

Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 458

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19
Q

What does radiographic detail refer to?

A

Radiographic detail refers to the degree of sharpness that defines the edge of an anatomic structure. It represents the best possible reproduction of an organ. Detail is influenced by all factors, but geometry and motion factors are more influential than others.

Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 458

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20
Q

What are the front and back of x-ray cassettes (film holders) made of?

A

Most cassettes have a solid front made of plastic or light metal such as carbon fiber (mostly graphite). The cassette back can be made of steel, which will sustain moderate weight from patients without being damaged.

Student #10, AM
McCurnin 10th edition, page: 453

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21
Q

Used to demonstrate the flow of blood or other fluids and measure their velocity

A

Doppler Ultrasonography

JM #8
McCurnin 10th Ed. page 473

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22
Q

The kVp setting most often used in diagnostic radiology (range)

A

8JM McCurnin 10th ed pg 449

40 to 150kVp

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23
Q

Slower screens are best suited for obtaining radiographs on what types of animals?

A

Exotics and birds

8 JM McCurnin 10th ed pg 453

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24
Q

Why is it important to properly clip hair before ultrasounds?

A

Hair traps air and most of the ultrasound beam would be reflected before it enters the animal
#8 JM McCurnin 10th Ed
pg 472

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25
Q

What are the big three methods of radiation protection to keep in mind?

A

8 JM McCurnin 10th Ed pg 465

1) Time 2)Distance 3)Shielding

26
Q

What circuit heats the filament and is known as low-voltage?

A

13, TN McCurnin 10th Ed

Milliamperage (mA) circuit

pg 444

27
Q

What does the scale of contrast refer to?

A

13, TN McCurnin 10th Ed

The number of shades of gray that can be seen.
If no contrast existed, everything within the radiograph would have the same opacity

pg 449

28
Q

What is DICOM? What does DICOM do?

A

13, TN McCurnin 10th Ed

Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine. DICOM allows for a universal digital image format that allows for images to be shared among software from various vendors.

pg 457

29
Q

What are the benefits of PACS? (Picture archival computing system)

A

13, TN McCurnin 10th Ed

-Eliminates the need to generate and store film hard copies
-Communication with other veterinarians is improved
-Tracking down lost films is no longer an issue
-Multiple users can view the images at the same time

pg 457

30
Q

What is dose equivalent and why is it important?

A

13, TN McCurnin 10th Ed

Dose equivalent is used to refer to the equivalent dose, which is more commonly used to measure radiation exposure of persons, such as veterinary technicians, who come in contact with minimal amounts of radiation throughout the course of their work.

pg 463

31
Q

What are the five essential components that create an X-ray beam?

A
  1. A source of electrons
  2. a method of accelerating those electrons
  3. an obstacle-free path to allow electrons to move at top speed
  4. a target for the electrons to interact with
  5. a vacuum environment
    TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 23081 of 67848 (1 out of 5 cards)
32
Q

The energy packed in the rapidly moving electrons which comes to an abrupt stop by hitting the target, creating what percentage of heat and x-rays?

A

Heat: 99%
X-rays: 1%
TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 23090 of 67848 (2 out of 5 cards)

33
Q

kVp is produced by a high-voltage circuit that contains two types of transformers. What are the two types of transformers? What do each do?

A

The step-up transformer which increases the incoming voltage to thousands of volts to move the electrons with great speed and the auto transformer which controls that amount of kVp that is applied to the electrons.

TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 23124 of 67848 (3 out of 5 cards)

34
Q

As the sound wave proceeds through the body, it is progressively _____ and ______.

A

Attenuated or weakened

TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 24545 of 67848 (4 out of 5 cards)

35
Q

How is a CT scan obtained? (AKA: How does a CT scan work)

A

A CT scan is obtained by passing a thing x-ray beam transaxially through the patient and measuring the x-ray attenuation (drop-off) at multiple sites in a thin slice of the patients anatomy.

TM, #7, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Location 24766 of 67848 (5 out of 5 cards)

36
Q

What are X-rays?

A

A form of electromagnetic radiation that has characteristics similar to those of visible light, radio, and television signals, but with much shorter wavelengths. This gives the x-ray beam more energy and makes it capable to penetrate tissues.

McCurnin 10th Edition page:444
Student #3, AF
Card 1

37
Q

What is the Cathode?

A

The negatively charged side of the tube contains one or two filaments enclosed in the focusing cup. The filament is made from Tungsten alloy, a metal that has a high atomic number and high melting point which allows more electrons to be produced. The more electrons produced on the cathode, the higher the number of potential X-rays produced from the tube.

McCurnin 10th Edition page 444
Student #3, AF
Card 2

38
Q

What is the Anode?

A

The positive side of the tube attracts the negative electrons. Contains a Tungsten alloy target where electrons collide and X-ray production begins.

McCurnin 10th Edition page 445
Student #3, AF
Card 3

39
Q

What is Scatter Radiation?

A

The lower energy X-ray photons that have undergone a change in direction after interacting with structures in the patient’s body or anything else in the path of the primary beam.

McCurnin 10th Edition page 446
Student #3, AF
Card 4

40
Q

What is exposure time?

A

The time during which electrons are released from the focusing cup and accelerated across the tube for X-ray production to occur. The longer the exposure time, the greater the number of electrons that flow from the cathode to the anode, and the greater the number of X-ray photons produced.

McCurnin 10th Edition page 449
Student #3, AF
Card 5

41
Q

What is an uberschwinger artifact?

A

1 CE

An uberschwinger artifact appears as a lucent halo around metal implants on a radiograph. This is caused by computer image proccessing.

McCurnin 10th Edition pg 457

42
Q

How are soundwaves characterized?

A

Velocity= Wavelength X Frequency
#1 CE
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 470

43
Q

What is the difference between hyperechoic and hypoechoic?

A

A hyperechoich structure is brighter due to it producing more echos than the surrounding structures. If a structure is hypoechoic, then it is darker due to producing less echos than surrounding structures.
#1 CE
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 474

44
Q

What is the minimum amount of lead equivalent needed for an x-ray apron?

A

0.5mm of lead equivalent
#1 CE
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 466

45
Q

What are some examples of positive contrast agents used in radiographs?

A

Some examples of positive contrast agesnts used include; barium sulfate, and organic iodide.
#1 CE
McCurnin 10th Edition pg 469

46
Q

What are examples of digital artifacts (8 total)?

A
  • Lucent Halo Around Metal Implants (can be caused by computer image processing).
  • Linear Striations Seen in the Background of the Image (caused by plate saturation or overexposure)
  • Disappearance of Thin Tissues or Soft Tissue Surrounding Bone (overexposure)
  • Grainy Appearance (under exposure)
  • Nonuniform Appearance of the Image (mostly seen with computed radiology [CR] systems)
  • Ghost Images (taking an image too quickly after a previous image, double exposure, failure to erase a CR plate)
  • Fogging (CR plate exposure to radiation from any source)
  • White Spots (scratches on CR plate, hair/dirt/other particles trapped in the CR cassette)

Student: #2, AF
McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses (10th Edition) – Chapter 15, page 457

47
Q

What are examples of technical error artifacts (4 total)?

A
  • Increased Radiographic Density (Too high of mAs or kVp settings, Too short FFD, Equipment malfunction)
  • Decreased Radiograph Density (Too low of mAs or kVp settings, Too long FFD, Equipment malfunction)
  • Distorted/Blurred Radiograph (motion of patient, image receptor, or machine, poor centering of x-ray beam, or excessive object-film distance)
  • Miscellaneous Artifacts (collimation of edges creating underexposed margins, target damage, double exposure, blank film)

Student: #2, AF
McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses (10th Edition) – Chapter 15, page 460

48
Q

What are positioning tips for lateral pelvic radiographs?

A
  • Place the affected side down in a true lateral position (positioning wedges may be necessary)
  • Head in a natural position
  • Forelimbs pulled cranially
  • Slightly scissor the hind limbs so the limb closest to the table is slightly cranial to the contralateral limb
  • Slightly flex the stifles

Student: #2, AF
McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses (10th Edition) – Chapter 15, page 467

49
Q

What is doppler ultrasonography? What are the 4 techniques?

A
  • Used to demonstrate the flow of blood or other fluids and to measure their velocity.
  • Color Doppler: illustrates the flow and direction of blood
  • Power color Doppler: used to tract the flow of blood, but doesn’t specifically identify it’s direction.
  • Pulse wave Doppler: transducers alternate between sending and receiving signals to illustrate blood flow for smaller vessels
  • Continuous wave Doppler: consistently send and receive signals and useful in conditions where higher velocity blood flow is more common.

Student: #2, AF McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses (10th Edition) – Chapter 15, page 473

50
Q

What is fluoroscopy?

A

The presentation of a continuous image – involves directing the x-ray bean through the patient and onto an image intensifier.

Student: #2, AF
McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses (10th Edition) – Chapter 15, page 475

51
Q

B-mode

A

Brightness mode

DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 472

52
Q

M-mode

A

Motion mode

DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 472

53
Q

Echogenicity

A

Strength/amplitude of returning echoes

DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 474

54
Q

Anechoic

A

Dark structure, produces few or no echoes

DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 474

55
Q

Isoechoic

A

Same, similar level of echoes as compared to surrounding structures

DM,12, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 474

56
Q

what is therapeutic nuclear medicine (NM)?

A

administration of radioactive iodine (131I) for Tx of hyperthyroidism and thyroid tumors

rp #9, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 478

57
Q

what is diagnostic nuclear medicine (NM)?

A

administration of radionuclides and detection of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the animal w a gamma scintillation camera

rp #9, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 478

58
Q

what is the most commonly used radionuclide?

A

technetium 99m

rp #9, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 478

59
Q

what kind of PPE should be worn during radionuclide administration?

A

latex exam gloves, lab coats, disposable boots and dosimeters

rp #9, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 478

60
Q

what does P care post NM procedure look like?

A
  • technetium is primarily excreted in urine and a lesser amt excreted in feces
  • animals must be housed in separate restricted areas in the hospital
  • stool and urine should be carefully collected and held for decay until levels are below exempt quantities

rp #9, McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 478

VET 2050 SP24 (10 decks)

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