Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

J Principles > PHARMACOLOGY (principles and transition) > Flashcards

PHARMACOLOGY (principles and transition) Flashcards

1
Q

therapeutic ratio equation

A

max tolerated conc divided by min effective conc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why is a low therapeutic ratio bad

A

means there isnt much difference in an effective conc and a damaging conc = can be dangerous if you dont monitor it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the parasympathetic pre ganglionic neurons

A

ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the parasympathetic post ganglion neurones

A

ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the sympathetic pre ganglion neurones

A

ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the sympathetic post ganglion neurones

A

noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which G protein is stimulated by M1

A

Gq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which G protein is stimulated by M2

A

Gi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which G protein is stimulated by M3

A

Gq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which G protein is stimulated by alpha1

A

Gq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which G protein is stimulated by alpha2

A

Gi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which G protein is stimulated by beta1

A

Gs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which G protein is stimulated by beta2

A

Gs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

M1 = Gq =

A

increased phospholipase C = stomach acid secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

M2 = Gi =

A

decreased adenyl cyclase = decreased heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

M3 = Gq =

A

increased phospholipase C = salivary gland secretion, bronchoconstriction, vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A1 = Gq =

A

increased adenyl cyclase = vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A2 = Gi =

A

decreased adenyl cyclase = decreased noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

B1 = Gs =

A

increased adenyl cyclase = increase heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

B2 = Gs =

A

increased adenyl cyclase = bronchodilation, vasoconstriction (but vasodilation of coronary vessels = blood gets back to heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pharmacodynamic definition

A

how a drug affects an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pharmacokinetic definition

A

how an organism affects a drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

allopurinol dosage normal

allopurinol dosage renal failure

A

300mg

<100mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how does sildenafil (Viagra) work

what is it used for

A

causes vasodilation = increased blood supply to penis = erection
used for erectile dysfunction

25
Q

which type of drugs are contraindicated if taking sildenafil (Viagra)
why

A

vasodilators

26
Q

which of the following is contraindicated if someone is taking sildenafil (Viagra);

Allopurinol 
Omeprazole 
Isosorbide mononitrate 
Bisoprolol  
Simvastatin
A

isosorbide mononitrate (GTN) - causes vasodilation (and so does sildenafil)

27
Q

which type of drug exacerbates gout

why

A

loop diuretics

inhibits excretion of urate = high urate = gout exacerbation

28
Q

which of the following is contraindicated in gout bc it can cause an exacerbation;

Simvastatin  
Omeprazole  
Ramipril 
Metformin 
Furosemide
A

furosemide (loop diuretic)

29
Q

what drug does grapefruit juice pharmokinetically affect;

Bisoprolol  
Simvastatin 
Metformin 
Isosorbide mononitrate 
omeprazole
A

simvastatin

30
Q

which drug effectiveness is decreased by impaired renal function;

Metformin  
Simvastatin  
Furosemide  
Aspirin  
Bisoprolol
A

furosemide (loop diuretic)

31
Q

management of gout flare up (first, second, third line)

A

first line - naproxen
second line - colchicine
third line - PO prednisolone

32
Q

contraindication to using naproxen for acute gout flare up management (2)

A

renal failure/impaired renal function
already on ACEi and diuretic = triple whammy

note: naproxen is a NSAID

33
Q

what type of drug is naproxen

A

NSAID

34
Q

what can ACEi + diuretic + NSAID cause

A

triple whammy

35
Q

which of the following is contraindicated for acute gout flare up management in someone with renal failure and already on ACEi and diuretic;

Colchicine 
Naproxen  
PO prednisolone 
IM steroid  
Intra-articular steroid
A

naproxen (NSAID)

36
Q

who are NSAIDs contraindicated in (2)

A

risk of GI bleed

renal impairment

37
Q

someone who take warfarin for AF prophylaxis
has renal impairment
needs analgesia for back pain

which is most suitable;
Aspirin 
Diclofenac 
Paracetamol  
Ibuprofen 
Naproxen
A

paracetamol

NSAIDs contraindicated bc renal failure and increase GI bleed risk??
aspirin contraindicated bc blood thinner and on warfarin

38
Q

how many days before surgery should warfarin be stopped

A

5 days

39
Q

how many days before surgery should aspirin be stopped

A

7 days

40
Q

paracetamol overdose management, which is most appropriate;

General supportive measures  
Gastric aspirations and lavage  
PO activated charcoal 
IV N-acetylcysteine 
Alkaline diuresis
A

IV N-acetylcysteine

41
Q

management of hypotension caused by spinal anaesthesia, which is most appropriate;

Clonidine 
Cyclizine  
Ephedrine 
Propranolol 
GTN
A

ephedrine - causes vasoconstriction by activating sympathetics

42
Q

what does ephedrine do

A

causes release of noradrenaline = sympathetic activation = increases bp

43
Q

is Vd (volume of distribution) of lipid soluble drugs greater in males or females of same BMI

why

A

females

bc more fat = more places the lipid soluble drug can be absorbed into

44
Q

is Vd (volume of distribution) of lipid soluble drugs affected by BMI

why

A

yes!

bc more fat = more places the lipid soluble drug can be absorbed into = higher volume of distribution (Vd)

45
Q

is rate of elimination dependent on volume of distribution (Vd)

A

yes - as Vd increases, rate of elimination increases

46
Q

may Vd (volume of distribution) exceed the total volume of the body in lipid soluble drugs

A

yes! it is v large (don’t really understand but KNOW!)

47
Q

which is true about lipid soluble drugs and their volume of distribution (Vd);

Vd is larger in men compared to women of similar body mass
Vd is unaffected by body mass index (BMI)
Vd is typically less than 5 litre (or approx 70ml/kg)
Rate of elimination if independent of Vd
Vd may exceed the total volume of the body

A

Vd may exceed the total volume of the body

48
Q

by which mechanism does spinal anaesthesia cause hypotension

A

blockade of sympathetic transmission to blood vessels = vasodilation

49
Q

which of the following is not indicated for secondary prevention of MI after MI

furosemide
simvastatin 
bisoprolol 
Ramipril 
aspirin
A

furosemide

statin, ACEi + beta blocker indicated
aspirin + another antiplatelet indicated

50
Q

which drug causes hyperkalaemia

by what mechanism

A

ramipril (ACEi)

ACEi = decreased Na+ reabsorption into blood vessels to decrease bp (water and Na+ out of blood vessels)

Na+ and K+ are opposites - as one goes in, other goes out

51
Q

which of the following drugs causes hyperkalaemia

Ramipril 
furosemide 
metformin 
allopurinol 
simvastatin
A

Ramipril

52
Q

which of the following drugs doesn’t cause hypotension

isosorbide mononitrate (GTN) 
furosemide 
simvastatin 
Ramipril 
bisoprolol
A

simvastatin

statins don’t affect vascular smooth muscle or CO = no effect on hypo/hypertension

53
Q

which PPI should be avoided if prescribed with clopidogrel ;

dexlansoprazole
pantoprazole 
lansoprazole 
rabeprazole 
omeprazole
A

omeprazole

don’t need to know mechanism

54
Q

which of the following doesn’t need to be used with caution in patients with renal failure (rest do);

simvastatin 
allopurinol 
metformin 
omeprazole 
Ramipril
A

omeprazole - metabolized in the liver

rest are metabolized in the kidneys

55
Q

steady state plasma conc definition

A

when rate of administration = rate of elimination

56
Q

relationship between Vd and loading dose

A

LD = Vd x target conc

57
Q

what equation do you use to figure out conc of drug after a certain amount of time if you are given its half life

A

Ct = Co x (0.5)^n

where n = number of half lifes and Co = initial plasma conc

58
Q

is half life of drug dependent on dosage

A

no - they are independent

half life doesnt vary if you alter dose

59
Q

what happens to length of drug in system if you double the loading dose

A

it increases by one half life

J Principles (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions