PATHOLOGY (transition) Flashcards
hypertrophy definition
increase in cell size
hypertrophy example (2)
muscle growth
cardiac hypertrophy
dysplasia definition
abnormal cell growth
is dysplasia benign or malignant
benign - doesn’t reach the cell membrane
dysplasia example (2)
DCIS (in breasts)
CIN (in cervix)
anaplasia definition
doesn’t resemble original cell type at all
hyperplasia definition
increase in cell number
hyperplasia example (4)
thyroid hyperplasia
bone marrow hyperplasia - hypoxia, haemolysis
prostate hyperplasia
G cell hyperplasia in stomach, caused by PPIs
metaplasia definition
reversible change from one mature cell type to another
metaplasia example (2)
bladder metaplasia - change from transitional cell to squamous cell epithelium
squamous cell carcinoma in lungs - normally no squamous cells in lungs
anaplasia example
malignancy - cell type has completely changed and doesn’t resemble original cell type
neoplasia definition
‘new growth’
abnormal and excessive growth with no stimulus
results in a mass
neoplasia example (1)
fibroids (leiomyoma)
how is metaplasia different to dysplasia
dysplasia predisposes someone to cancer (creates something benign)
metaplasia is just a change from one cell type to another
which cancers usually spread to axillary nodes (2)
breast local skin (cutaneous) cancer
which cancers usually spread to para-aortic nodes (1)
testicular cancer
which cancers usually spread to supraclavicular nodes (3)
primary gastric cancer
lung cancer
SCC in neck
which one of the following wouldn’t spread to the supraclavicular nodes;
lymphoma primary gastric adenocarcinoma melanoma on scalp primary colorectal carcinoma squamous carcinoma on neck
where does it spread to
primary colorectal carcinoma
spreads to mesentery
which 3 cancers can metastasize almost anywhere
prostate
lung small cell cancer
melanoma
histology of adenocarcinoma
signet ring morphology
glandular!
histology of melanoma
brown bits in histology (from melanin production)
histology of squamous cell carcinoma
keratin on histology
