PATHOLOGY (transition)

Question 1

hypertrophy definition

Answer 1

increase in cell size

Question 2

hypertrophy example (2)

Answer 2

muscle growth

cardiac hypertrophy

Question 3

dysplasia definition

Answer 3

abnormal cell growth

Question 4

is dysplasia benign or malignant

Answer 4

benign - doesn’t reach the cell membrane

Question 5

dysplasia example (2)

Answer 5

DCIS (in breasts)

CIN (in cervix)

Question 6

anaplasia definition

Answer 6

doesn’t resemble original cell type at all

Question 7

hyperplasia definition

Answer 7

increase in cell number

Question 8

hyperplasia example (4)

Answer 8

thyroid hyperplasia
bone marrow hyperplasia - hypoxia, haemolysis
prostate hyperplasia
G cell hyperplasia in stomach, caused by PPIs

Question 9

metaplasia definition

Answer 9

reversible change from one mature cell type to another

Question 10

metaplasia example (2)

Answer 10

bladder metaplasia - change from transitional cell to squamous cell epithelium
squamous cell carcinoma in lungs - normally no squamous cells in lungs

Question 11

anaplasia example

Answer 11

malignancy - cell type has completely changed and doesn’t resemble original cell type

Question 12

neoplasia definition

Answer 12

‘new growth’
abnormal and excessive growth with no stimulus
results in a mass

Question 13

neoplasia example (1)

Answer 13

fibroids (leiomyoma)

Question 14

how is metaplasia different to dysplasia

Answer 14

dysplasia predisposes someone to cancer (creates something benign)
metaplasia is just a change from one cell type to another

Question 15

which cancers usually spread to axillary nodes (2)

Answer 15

breast 
local skin (cutaneous) cancer

Question 16

which cancers usually spread to para-aortic nodes (1)

Answer 16

testicular cancer

Question 17

which cancers usually spread to supraclavicular nodes (3)

Answer 17

primary gastric cancer
lung cancer
SCC in neck

Question 18

which one of the following wouldn’t spread to the supraclavicular nodes;

lymphoma 
primary gastric adenocarcinoma 
melanoma on scalp 
primary colorectal carcinoma 
squamous carcinoma on neck 

where does it spread to

Answer 18

primary colorectal carcinoma

spreads to mesentery

Question 19

which 3 cancers can metastasize almost anywhere

Answer 19

prostate
lung small cell cancer
melanoma

Question 20

histology of adenocarcinoma

Answer 20

signet ring morphology

glandular!

Question 21

histology of melanoma

Answer 21

brown bits in histology (from melanin production)

Question 22

histology of squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 22

keratin on histology