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FUCKING 2NDYEAR > PHARMACOLOGY PRELIMS (2NDYEAR) > Flashcards

PHARMACOLOGY PRELIMS (2NDYEAR) Flashcards

1
Q

derived from the greekword pharmakon
“drug poison”

A

pharmacology

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2
Q

related to pharmakos, the ritualistic sacrifice or exile of a human scapegoat or victim in Ancient Greek religion

A

pharmakon

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3
Q

is a brance of medicine, biology and pharmaceutical sciences (biomedical science)

A

pharmacology

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4
Q

-Father of American Pharmacology
-founded the first pharmacology department in the US University of Michigan (1890)

A

Jacob Abel

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5
Q

Greek physician lived the age of Pericles
(Descendant of God)

A

Hippocrates

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6
Q

he translated and used pharmacological tects

A

Nicholas Culpeper

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7
Q

medicines were compiled in a book called?

A

pharmacopeias

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8
Q

he was the first one to set up a pharmacology department in 1847 at the University of Tortu

A

Rudolf Buckheim

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9
Q

a medical science concerned with safe and effective use of medicine

A

pharmacy

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10
Q

study of techniques (preparation, compounding, dispensing,preserve and storage)

A

pharmacy

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11
Q

scientist who specializes in the study of pharmacodynamics, employing all kinds of biochemical, physiological and other techniques

A

pharmacologist

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12
Q

qualified and licensed who prepares and dispenses drugs
responsible for the manufacture of the dosage from drugs (e.g,tablets and drugs)

A

pharmacist

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13
Q

the study of dosage of amount of drugs given in the treatment of diseases

A

Porsology

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14
Q

how to take the medication as prescribed:a specific amount, number and frequency of doses over a specific period of time

A

dosage

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15
Q

refers to a specified amount of medication taken at one time

A

dose

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16
Q

a substance or preparation used in treating patient and diseases

A

medication / medicine

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17
Q

chemical substance that causes a change in an organisms physiology or psychology when consumed

A

drug name

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18
Q

describe the drugs chemical structure

A

chemical name

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19
Q

official, non propriety name of the drug and is universally accepted
-must be approved by FDA before marketed
-have fhe same active ingredient as brand named drugs but are less expensive due to less extensive, testing process

A

generic name

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20
Q

propietry name, chosen by the drug company to distinguish its product from competitors
- with symbol R inside a circle after the trade name ( for registered trademark,

A

Brand / Trade Name

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21
Q

name of the drug as it appears in the official references, the USP/NF, generally the same as generic name

A

Official Name

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22
Q

the process of drug movement throughout the body necessary to achieve drug action

A

pharmacokinetics

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23
Q

The Four process of pharmacokinetics

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

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24
Q

the movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration

A

drug absorption

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25
Q

a powdered form of medicine mixed with water

A

assuspension

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26
Q

a process wherein a drug in solid form disintegrate into small particles and combine with a liquid to form a solution

A

dissolution

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27
Q

the breakdown of an oral drug into a smaller particles

A

disintegration

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28
Q

absorption across the mucosal lining of the small intestine occurs through

A

passive transport
active transport
pinocytosis

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29
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A
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30
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30
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31
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31
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31
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32
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32
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33
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34
Q

does not require energy to move drugs across the membrane

A

passive transport

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35
Q

drugs moves across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration o one of lower concentration

A

diffusion

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35
Q

relies on a carrier protein to move the drug across from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

A

facilitated diffusion

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36
Q

requires energy, a carrier such as an enzyme or protein, to move the drug against a concentration gradient

A

acive transport

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36
Q

a process by which cells carry a drug across the membrans by engulfing the drug particles in a vesicle

A

pincytosis

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37
Q

the movement of the drug from the circulation to body tissues

A

drug distribution

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37
Q

What are the factors of influencing drug distribution

A

vascular permeability and permeability on cell membranes
regional blood flow and pH
Cardiac Output
Tissue Perfussion
Ability of the drug to bind tissue and plasma protein

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37
Q

it is also known as “Biotransformation”
- the process by which the body chemically changes drug into a form that can be excreted

A

drug metabolism

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38
Q

it is the primary site of metabolism
- metabolizes the lipid - soluble drug substance to a water-soluble substance for renal excretion

A

liver

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39
Q

elimination of drug from the body

A

drug excretion

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40
Q

it is the main route of drug excretion

A

kidney

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41
Q

the desirable response

A

primary effect

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41
Q

drugs are also excreted through where?

A

bile
lungs
saliva
sweat
breastmilk

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41
Q

the study of the effects of drugs on the body

A

pharmacodynamics

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42
Q

may be the desirable or undesirable

A

secondary effec

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43
Q

could be life threatening

A

adverse effect

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44
Q

study of the poisonous effect of the drug on the body
-deals with the adverse effects of substances on lining creatures
- these substances, maybe household, environmental, industrial and other substances

A

toxicology

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45
Q

> rules set assure consumers that they get what they pay for
law entails that the same drug must be uniform in strength, quality and puriyt
according to drug standards, the drug companies

A

drug standards

46
Q

sources of drug standards?

A

united state pharmacopeia and the national fomulary (USP - NF)
international pharmacopeia

47
Q

the authorative source of drug standards (dosage, forms, drug substances, recipient biologies, compounded, preparation)

A

united state pharmacopeia and the national formulary

48
Q

by the World Health Organization (WHO)
- provides a basis for standards in strength and composition of drugs for the use throughout the world

A

International pharmacopeia

49
Q

Concerned with general safety standards in the production of, drugs, foods and cosmetics

A

food and drug administration (FDA)

50
Q

What are the responsibilities of the FDA?

A
  • inspecting where foods and cosmetics are made
  • reviewing new drug application and petition for adatives
  • investigation and removing unsafe drugs from the market
  • ensuring proper labeling of foods, cosmectics and drugs
51
Q

is it true all new products must be approved by the FDA beore releasing it to the public?

A

true

52
Q

is it true that all labels must be accurate and must include the generic names?

A

true

53
Q

DRUGS
high abuse potential
not approved for medical use

A

heroine
marijuana
cannabis

54
Q

concerned with controlled substances only which includes depresants, stimulant, pssychotic drugs, narcotics and steroids
-enforces law drug activities, including illegal drug use, dealing and manufacturing
-monitors need for changing the scheduled of abused drugs
- set tigther controls on specific drugs those that were abused by the society

A

Drug Enforcement administration (DFA)

55
Q

DRUGS
high abuse potential
may lead to severe dependce
written prescription

A

morphine

56
Q

DRUGS
may lead to limited dependence
may be refilled up to sx in 6mos

A

Marinol
Tylenol with codeine

57
Q

DRUGS
Low abuse potential
consists of prep. for cough suprressants

A

phenrgan with codcine
kobitussin A-C

58
Q

DRUGS
Lower abuse potential than above schedule

A

valium
ativan
phenobarbiral

59
Q

Main sources of drugs

A

Plants
Animals
Minerals
Synthetic

60
Q

drugs made through, berries, barks, leaves, resin from trees and roots
ex: sambong as anivrolithiasis

A

Plants

61
Q

contain hormones that can be reclaimed and given to patients who need increased hormonal levels to maintain homeostatsis
-used to replace human chemicals that are not produced because of disease or genetic problems
ex: insulin from cow and pig pancreas

A

animals

62
Q

inorganic crystals substances that are found naturally on earth. Salts of various elements that can have threapeutic effects on human body.

A

Minerals

63
Q

(manufactured sources) evolved with human skills in laboratories and davanced chemistry researchers
-artificially produced drug compounds
ex: antibiotics

A

synthetic

64
Q

What are the 3 IND’s ( Investigational new drug ) developed in the 1990’s?

A

zidovudine (AZT) (Retrovir)
Interferon (Roferon A)
Tocrine (Cognex)

65
Q

Used to treat malignancies and kaposis sarcoma

A

Interferon ( Roferon A)

66
Q

which slows down the progression of HIV Infection

A

Zidovudine ( AZT ) (Retrovir)

67
Q

What are the 3 IND drugs that were recently developed in the 21st century?

A

caudet (combination of norvarc and lipitor)
avastin
implantable insulin, transdermal patch, delivered by inhalation, inhaled nasal spray

67
Q

slow the progression of dementia in clients with Alzheimers

A

Tocrine (Cognex)

68
Q

treatment for high blood pressure and high cholesterol
it is also a combination of norvasc and lipitor)

A

caudet

69
Q

antiagionesis, first line of treatment for meta static colorectal cancer

A

avastin

70
Q

drugs can be categorized under subcategory
*drugs can affect the body in similar ways are on the same classification

A

classification

71
Q

can be analgesic, antipyretic, anti - inflammatory, therefore it is categorized under three classifications

A

aspirin

71
Q

known to have one therapeutic effect

A

cyclobenzaprine (flexeri)

72
Q

undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication other intervention
- harmful and undesirable, more severe and life threatening than side effects

A

adverse effects

72
Q

an affect, wheter therapeutic or adverse, that is unintended

A

side effects

73
Q

government agency responsible for the regulation and enforcement of drug evaluation and distribution policies

A

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

74
Q

drugs that are available without a prescription for self treatment of a variety of complaints
-deemed to be safe when used as directed

A

over the counter drugs (OTC)

75
Q

drugs or chemicals whose manufacture, possession or use is regulated by a government to prevent addiction misuse or abuse
- subject to strict roles on how they are made, stored and transported

A

controlled drugs or substances

76
Q

drugs that is researched, manufractured, distributed and administered under the supervision of regulatory authorities
ex: barbiturates - luminal, veronal and amytal

A

regulated drugs

77
Q

substances that is banned or forbidden by the law or other authorities
ex: methamphetamine hydrochloride (known locally as shabu) and marijuana

A

prohibited / illegal drugs

78
Q

look like the desire drug but may not have no active drug, has the wrong active ingredient or has the wrong amount of active ingredient

A

counterfeit drugs

79
Q

check the name and label of the medication

A

right drug

79
Q

what are the high - alert medications listed by the institute for safe medication practices (ISMP)?

A

epinephrine
magnesium
methrorexate (oral nononcologic use)
potassium chloride concentrate for injection

80
Q

what are the 10 rights of medication?

A

right drug
right dosage
right patient
right route
right timing
right reason
right documentation / recording
right to refuse
right patient education
right evaluation

81
Q
  • can cause harm to the patient
  • can have major effect on patients organs: cardiac, respiratory, vascular and neurologic
  • can also affect the symphatetic parasymphatetic nervous system
A

high - alert medications

82
Q

check the prescription and calculate the correct amount

A

right drug

83
Q

check the name on the prescription and wristband

A

right patient

84
Q

check the order and appropriateness of the route prescribed

A

right route

85
Q

check the frequency and time of the prescribed medication

A

right timing

86
Q

check the indication and rationale for the medication

A

right reason

86
Q

inform the patient about the medication and its effect

A

right patient education

87
Q

respect the patients right to decline the medication

A

right to refuse

87
Q

record the administration and any relevant information

A

right documentation / recording

88
Q

monitor the patients response and outcome

A

right evaluation

89
Q

what are the different drug routes?

A

intravenous
intramascular
subcutaneous
topical (local effect)
inhalation (rapid, targeted)
oral (portal circulation, liver, first pass metabolism)
rectal ( 50% first - pass )
sublingual ( rapid, no first - pass )
intrathecal (CSF)
transdermal (sustained effect)

90
Q

different forms of drugs?

A

tablets and capsules
liquids
transdermals
topical
instillations
inhilations
nasogastric and gastronomy tubes
suppositories
parenteral
intradermal
subcutaneous

91
Q
  • most common oral drugs
  • convenient and less expensive and do not require additional supplies for administration
  • not given to patients who are vomitting, who lack gag reflex, or to those who are comature
  • should not be mixed with large amounts of foods or beverages
A

tablets and capsules

92
Q

include elixer, emulsions, and suspensions
- check wheter diluting or shaking is required
- always use personal plastic dosing that measure in milliters (ml) per patient)

A

liquids

93
Q

sweetened, hydro - alcoholic liquids used in the preparation of oral liquid medications

A

elixer

94
Q

mixture of 2 liquids that are not mutually soluble

A

emulsions

95
Q

particles are mixed but not dissolved

A

suspension

96
Q
  • applied to the skin by painting or spreading over an area
  • can be covered with a moist dressing
  • can be left exposed to air
A

topical

97
Q

medications stored in a patch placed on the skin and is absorbed through the skin to produce a systemic effect
- provide more consistent blood levels than oral and injectable forms
- GI absoprtion problems are avoided associated with oral products
- should be rotated to different sites to avoid skin break - down

A

transdermals

98
Q
  • liquid medications usually administered as drops, oitments or sprays in the form of eyedrops, eye ointment, eardrops, nose drops and sprays
A

instillations

99
Q

metered - dose inhalers (MDI) are handheld devices used to deliver a number of commonly asthma and bronchitis drugs to the lower RT via inhalations

A

inhalations

100
Q

acts faster than drugs taken by mouth and fewer side effects occurs

A

MDI’s

101
Q

devices used to enhance the delivery of the drug from the MDI

A

spacers

102
Q

device that changes liquid medication into fine mist or aerol that has the ability to reach the lower and small airways

A

nebulizer

103
Q

how do you position the client when administiring drugs via MDI or nebulizer?

A

Semi Fowlers or High Fowlers

104
Q

drugs administered via injection

A

parenteral

104
Q

maybe lubricated and inserted past the internal anal sphincter

A

cone or spindle shaped rectum

105
Q

produces local effects
- for skin testing ( tuberculin, screening, allergy testing, testing for other drug sensitivities; some imunotherapies for cancer)

A

intradermal

105
Q

globular or egg shaped

A

vagina

105
Q

pencil shaped drug

A

urethra

106
Q
  • produces systemic and sustained effect
  • absorbed mainly through cappilaries, usually slower onset compared to IM route
  • locations are chosen for adequate fat - pad size
  • sites should be rotated such to prevent lipodystrophy with insulin or heparin
  • 0.5 1ml solution is usually given
A

subcutaneous

107
Q

where are the common sites for subcutaneous injection?

A

outer aspect of the upper arm
abdomen
anterior aspect of the thigh
upper back
upper ventral or dorsogluteal area

108
Q

for IM injection what is the recommended volume for ventrogluteal?

A

2.5ml

109
Q
  • produces systematic and more rapid effect
  • used for solutions that are more viscous and irritating
  • sites are chosen for adequate muscle size and minimal major nerves and blood vessels in the area
A

intramuscular

110
Q

for IM injection what is the recommended volume for vastus lateralis?

A

5ml

111
Q

for IM injection what is the recommended volume for the deltoid?

A

1ml

112
Q

for IM injection what is the recommended volume for rectus femoris?

A

5ml

112
Q
  • produces systemic effect and is more rapid than IM and SC
  • accessible peripheral veins are preferred
A

Intravenous

112
Q

for IM injection what is the recommended volume for dorsogluteal ( not recommended )

A

4ml

113
Q

recommended when administering IM Injections to help minimize the local skin irritation by sealing the medication in the muscle tissue.

A

Z - Track Injection technique

114
Q

what are the three dominant methods used to clarify drugs?

A

mechanism of action
physiologic effect
chemical structure

114
Q

what is the purpose of drug classification?

A

for safety and effectiveness reasons
help limit side effects and adverse effects
to understand what to expect, including the risk and choose a replacement drug when one does not work
to help identify drug to interactions and the potential for drug resistance

FUCKING 2NDYEAR (7 decks)

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