PHARMACOLOGY PRELIMS (2NDYEAR) Flashcards
1
Q
derived from the greekword pharmakon
“drug poison”
A
pharmacology
2
Q
related to pharmakos, the ritualistic sacrifice or exile of a human scapegoat or victim in Ancient Greek religion
A
pharmakon
3
Q
is a brance of medicine, biology and pharmaceutical sciences (biomedical science)
A
pharmacology
4
Q
-Father of American Pharmacology
-founded the first pharmacology department in the US University of Michigan (1890)
A
Jacob Abel
5
Q
Greek physician lived the age of Pericles
(Descendant of God)
A
Hippocrates
6
Q
he translated and used pharmacological tects
A
Nicholas Culpeper
7
Q
medicines were compiled in a book called?
A
pharmacopeias
8
Q
he was the first one to set up a pharmacology department in 1847 at the University of Tortu
A
Rudolf Buckheim
9
Q
a medical science concerned with safe and effective use of medicine
A
pharmacy
10
Q
study of techniques (preparation, compounding, dispensing,preserve and storage)
A
pharmacy
11
Q
scientist who specializes in the study of pharmacodynamics, employing all kinds of biochemical, physiological and other techniques
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pharmacologist
12
Q
qualified and licensed who prepares and dispenses drugs
responsible for the manufacture of the dosage from drugs (e.g,tablets and drugs)
A
pharmacist
13
Q
the study of dosage of amount of drugs given in the treatment of diseases
A
Porsology
14
Q
how to take the medication as prescribed:a specific amount, number and frequency of doses over a specific period of time
A
dosage
15
Q
refers to a specified amount of medication taken at one time
A
dose
16
Q
a substance or preparation used in treating patient and diseases
A
medication / medicine
17
Q
chemical substance that causes a change in an organisms physiology or psychology when consumed
A
drug name
18
Q
describe the drugs chemical structure
A
chemical name
19
Q
official, non propriety name of the drug and is universally accepted
-must be approved by FDA before marketed
-have fhe same active ingredient as brand named drugs but are less expensive due to less extensive, testing process
A
generic name
20
Q
propietry name, chosen by the drug company to distinguish its product from competitors
- with symbol R inside a circle after the trade name ( for registered trademark,
A
Brand / Trade Name
21
Q
name of the drug as it appears in the official references, the USP/NF, generally the same as generic name
A
Official Name
22
Q
the process of drug movement throughout the body necessary to achieve drug action
A
pharmacokinetics
23
Q
The Four process of pharmacokinetics
A
absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion
24
Q
the movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration
A
drug absorption
25
a powdered form of medicine mixed with water
assuspension
26
a process wherein a drug in solid form disintegrate into small particles and combine with a liquid to form a solution
dissolution
27
the breakdown of an oral drug into a smaller particles
disintegration
28
absorption across the mucosal lining of the small intestine occurs through
passive transport
active transport
pinocytosis
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does not require energy to move drugs across the membrane
passive transport
35
drugs moves across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration o one of lower concentration
diffusion
35
relies on a carrier protein to move the drug across from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration
facilitated diffusion
36
requires energy, a carrier such as an enzyme or protein, to move the drug against a concentration gradient
acive transport
36
a process by which cells carry a drug across the membrans by engulfing the drug particles in a vesicle
pincytosis
37
the movement of the drug from the circulation to body tissues
drug distribution
37
What are the factors of influencing drug distribution
vascular permeability and permeability on cell membranes
regional blood flow and pH
Cardiac Output
Tissue Perfussion
Ability of the drug to bind tissue and plasma protein
37
it is also known as "Biotransformation"
- the process by which the body chemically changes drug into a form that can be excreted
drug metabolism
38
it is the primary site of metabolism
- metabolizes the lipid - soluble drug substance to a water-soluble substance for renal excretion
liver
39
elimination of drug from the body
drug excretion
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it is the main route of drug excretion
kidney
41
the desirable response
primary effect
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drugs are also excreted through where?
bile
lungs
saliva
sweat
breastmilk
41
the study of the effects of drugs on the body
pharmacodynamics
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may be the desirable or undesirable
secondary effec
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could be life threatening
adverse effect
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study of the poisonous effect of the drug on the body
-deals with the adverse effects of substances on lining creatures
- these substances, maybe household, environmental, industrial and other substances
toxicology
45
>rules set assure consumers that they get what they pay for
>law entails that the same drug must be uniform in strength, quality and puriyt
> according to drug standards, the drug companies
drug standards
46
sources of drug standards?
united state pharmacopeia and the national fomulary (USP - NF)
international pharmacopeia
47
the authorative source of drug standards (dosage, forms, drug substances, recipient biologies, compounded, preparation)
united state pharmacopeia and the national formulary
48
by the World Health Organization (WHO)
- provides a basis for standards in strength and composition of drugs for the use throughout the world
International pharmacopeia
49
Concerned with general safety standards in the production of, drugs, foods and cosmetics
food and drug administration (FDA)
50
What are the responsibilities of the FDA?
- inspecting where foods and cosmetics are made
- reviewing new drug application and petition for adatives
- investigation and removing unsafe drugs from the market
- ensuring proper labeling of foods, cosmectics and drugs
51
is it true all new products must be approved by the FDA beore releasing it to the public?
true
52
is it true that all labels must be accurate and must include the generic names?
true
53
DRUGS
high abuse potential
not approved for medical use
heroine
marijuana
cannabis
54
concerned with controlled substances only which includes depresants, stimulant, pssychotic drugs, narcotics and steroids
-enforces law drug activities, including illegal drug use, dealing and manufacturing
-monitors need for changing the scheduled of abused drugs
- set tigther controls on specific drugs those that were abused by the society
Drug Enforcement administration (DFA)
55
DRUGS
high abuse potential
may lead to severe dependce
written prescription
morphine
56
DRUGS
may lead to limited dependence
may be refilled up to sx in 6mos
Marinol
Tylenol with codeine
57
DRUGS
Low abuse potential
consists of prep. for cough suprressants
phenrgan with codcine
kobitussin A-C
58
DRUGS
Lower abuse potential than above schedule
valium
ativan
phenobarbiral
59
Main sources of drugs
Plants
Animals
Minerals
Synthetic
60
drugs made through, berries, barks, leaves, resin from trees and roots
ex: sambong as anivrolithiasis
Plants
61
contain hormones that can be reclaimed and given to patients who need increased hormonal levels to maintain homeostatsis
-used to replace human chemicals that are not produced because of disease or genetic problems
ex: insulin from cow and pig pancreas
animals
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inorganic crystals substances that are found naturally on earth. Salts of various elements that can have threapeutic effects on human body.
Minerals
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(manufactured sources) evolved with human skills in laboratories and davanced chemistry researchers
-artificially produced drug compounds
ex: antibiotics
synthetic
64
What are the 3 IND's ( Investigational new drug ) developed in the 1990's?
zidovudine (AZT) (Retrovir)
Interferon (Roferon A)
Tocrine (Cognex)
65
Used to treat malignancies and kaposis sarcoma
Interferon ( Roferon A)
66
which slows down the progression of HIV Infection
Zidovudine ( AZT ) (Retrovir)
67
What are the 3 IND drugs that were recently developed in the 21st century?
caudet (combination of norvarc and lipitor)
avastin
implantable insulin, transdermal patch, delivered by inhalation, inhaled nasal spray
67
slow the progression of dementia in clients with Alzheimers
Tocrine (Cognex)
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treatment for high blood pressure and high cholesterol
it is also a combination of norvasc and lipitor)
caudet
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antiagionesis, first line of treatment for meta static colorectal cancer
avastin
70
drugs can be categorized under subcategory
*drugs can affect the body in similar ways are on the same classification
classification
71
can be analgesic, antipyretic, anti - inflammatory, therefore it is categorized under three classifications
aspirin
71
known to have one therapeutic effect
cyclobenzaprine (flexeri)
72
undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication other intervention
- harmful and undesirable, more severe and life threatening than side effects
adverse effects
72
an affect, wheter therapeutic or adverse, that is unintended
side effects
73
government agency responsible for the regulation and enforcement of drug evaluation and distribution policies
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
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drugs that are available without a prescription for self treatment of a variety of complaints
-deemed to be safe when used as directed
over the counter drugs (OTC)
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drugs or chemicals whose manufacture, possession or use is regulated by a government to prevent addiction misuse or abuse
- subject to strict roles on how they are made, stored and transported
controlled drugs or substances
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drugs that is researched, manufractured, distributed and administered under the supervision of regulatory authorities
ex: barbiturates - luminal, veronal and amytal
regulated drugs
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substances that is banned or forbidden by the law or other authorities
ex: methamphetamine hydrochloride (known locally as shabu) and marijuana
prohibited / illegal drugs
78
look like the desire drug but may not have no active drug, has the wrong active ingredient or has the wrong amount of active ingredient
counterfeit drugs
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check the name and label of the medication
right drug
79
what are the high - alert medications listed by the institute for safe medication practices (ISMP)?
epinephrine
magnesium
methrorexate (oral nononcologic use)
potassium chloride concentrate for injection
80
what are the 10 rights of medication?
right drug
right dosage
right patient
right route
right timing
right reason
right documentation / recording
right to refuse
right patient education
right evaluation
81
- can cause harm to the patient
- can have major effect on patients organs: cardiac, respiratory, vascular and neurologic
- can also affect the symphatetic parasymphatetic nervous system
high - alert medications
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check the prescription and calculate the correct amount
right drug
83
check the name on the prescription and wristband
right patient
84
check the order and appropriateness of the route prescribed
right route
85
check the frequency and time of the prescribed medication
right timing
86
check the indication and rationale for the medication
right reason
86
inform the patient about the medication and its effect
right patient education
87
respect the patients right to decline the medication
right to refuse
87
record the administration and any relevant information
right documentation / recording
88
monitor the patients response and outcome
right evaluation
89
what are the different drug routes?
intravenous
intramascular
subcutaneous
topical (local effect)
inhalation (rapid, targeted)
oral (portal circulation, liver, first pass metabolism)
rectal ( 50% first - pass )
sublingual ( rapid, no first - pass )
intrathecal (CSF)
transdermal (sustained effect)
90
different forms of drugs?
tablets and capsules
liquids
transdermals
topical
instillations
inhilations
nasogastric and gastronomy tubes
suppositories
parenteral
intradermal
subcutaneous
91
- most common oral drugs
- convenient and less expensive and do not require additional supplies for administration
- not given to patients who are vomitting, who lack gag reflex, or to those who are comature
- should not be mixed with large amounts of foods or beverages
tablets and capsules
92
include elixer, emulsions, and suspensions
- check wheter diluting or shaking is required
- always use personal plastic dosing that measure in milliters (ml) per patient)
liquids
93
sweetened, hydro - alcoholic liquids used in the preparation of oral liquid medications
elixer
94
mixture of 2 liquids that are not mutually soluble
emulsions
95
particles are mixed but not dissolved
suspension
96
- applied to the skin by painting or spreading over an area
- can be covered with a moist dressing
- can be left exposed to air
topical
97
medications stored in a patch placed on the skin and is absorbed through the skin to produce a systemic effect
- provide more consistent blood levels than oral and injectable forms
- GI absoprtion problems are avoided associated with oral products
- should be rotated to different sites to avoid skin break - down
transdermals
98
- liquid medications usually administered as drops, oitments or sprays in the form of eyedrops, eye ointment, eardrops, nose drops and sprays
instillations
99
metered - dose inhalers (MDI) are handheld devices used to deliver a number of commonly asthma and bronchitis drugs to the lower RT via inhalations
inhalations
100
acts faster than drugs taken by mouth and fewer side effects occurs
MDI's
101
devices used to enhance the delivery of the drug from the MDI
spacers
102
device that changes liquid medication into fine mist or aerol that has the ability to reach the lower and small airways
nebulizer
103
how do you position the client when administiring drugs via MDI or nebulizer?
Semi Fowlers or High Fowlers
104
drugs administered via injection
parenteral
104
maybe lubricated and inserted past the internal anal sphincter
cone or spindle shaped rectum
105
produces local effects
- for skin testing ( tuberculin, screening, allergy testing, testing for other drug sensitivities; some imunotherapies for cancer)
intradermal
105
globular or egg shaped
vagina
105
pencil shaped drug
urethra
106
- produces systemic and sustained effect
- absorbed mainly through cappilaries, usually slower onset compared to IM route
- locations are chosen for adequate fat - pad size
- sites should be rotated such to prevent lipodystrophy with insulin or heparin
- 0.5 1ml solution is usually given
subcutaneous
107
where are the common sites for subcutaneous injection?
outer aspect of the upper arm
abdomen
anterior aspect of the thigh
upper back
upper ventral or dorsogluteal area
108
for IM injection what is the recommended volume for ventrogluteal?
2.5ml
109
- produces systematic and more rapid effect
- used for solutions that are more viscous and irritating
- sites are chosen for adequate muscle size and minimal major nerves and blood vessels in the area
intramuscular
110
for IM injection what is the recommended volume for vastus lateralis?
5ml
111
for IM injection what is the recommended volume for the deltoid?
1ml
112
for IM injection what is the recommended volume for rectus femoris?
5ml
112
- produces systemic effect and is more rapid than IM and SC
- accessible peripheral veins are preferred
Intravenous
112
for IM injection what is the recommended volume for dorsogluteal ( not recommended )
4ml
113
recommended when administering IM Injections to help minimize the local skin irritation by sealing the medication in the muscle tissue.
Z - Track Injection technique
114
what are the three dominant methods used to clarify drugs?
mechanism of action
physiologic effect
chemical structure
114
what is the purpose of drug classification?
for safety and effectiveness reasons
help limit side effects and adverse effects
to understand what to expect, including the risk and choose a replacement drug when one does not work
to help identify drug to interactions and the potential for drug resistance
