PHARMACOLOGY PRELIMS (2NDYEAR) Flashcards
derived from the greekword pharmakon
“drug poison”
pharmacology
related to pharmakos, the ritualistic sacrifice or exile of a human scapegoat or victim in Ancient Greek religion
pharmakon
is a brance of medicine, biology and pharmaceutical sciences (biomedical science)
pharmacology
-Father of American Pharmacology
-founded the first pharmacology department in the US University of Michigan (1890)
Jacob Abel
Greek physician lived the age of Pericles
(Descendant of God)
Hippocrates
he translated and used pharmacological tects
Nicholas Culpeper
medicines were compiled in a book called?
pharmacopeias
he was the first one to set up a pharmacology department in 1847 at the University of Tortu
Rudolf Buckheim
a medical science concerned with safe and effective use of medicine
pharmacy
study of techniques (preparation, compounding, dispensing,preserve and storage)
pharmacy
scientist who specializes in the study of pharmacodynamics, employing all kinds of biochemical, physiological and other techniques
pharmacologist
qualified and licensed who prepares and dispenses drugs
responsible for the manufacture of the dosage from drugs (e.g,tablets and drugs)
pharmacist
the study of dosage of amount of drugs given in the treatment of diseases
Porsology
how to take the medication as prescribed:a specific amount, number and frequency of doses over a specific period of time
dosage
refers to a specified amount of medication taken at one time
dose
a substance or preparation used in treating patient and diseases
medication / medicine
chemical substance that causes a change in an organisms physiology or psychology when consumed
drug name
describe the drugs chemical structure
chemical name
official, non propriety name of the drug and is universally accepted
-must be approved by FDA before marketed
-have fhe same active ingredient as brand named drugs but are less expensive due to less extensive, testing process
generic name
propietry name, chosen by the drug company to distinguish its product from competitors
- with symbol R inside a circle after the trade name ( for registered trademark,
Brand / Trade Name
name of the drug as it appears in the official references, the USP/NF, generally the same as generic name
Official Name
the process of drug movement throughout the body necessary to achieve drug action
pharmacokinetics
The Four process of pharmacokinetics
absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion
the movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration
drug absorption
a powdered form of medicine mixed with water
assuspension
a process wherein a drug in solid form disintegrate into small particles and combine with a liquid to form a solution
dissolution
the breakdown of an oral drug into a smaller particles
disintegration
absorption across the mucosal lining of the small intestine occurs through
passive transport
active transport
pinocytosis
does not require energy to move drugs across the membrane
passive transport
drugs moves across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration o one of lower concentration
diffusion
relies on a carrier protein to move the drug across from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration
facilitated diffusion
requires energy, a carrier such as an enzyme or protein, to move the drug against a concentration gradient
acive transport
a process by which cells carry a drug across the membrans by engulfing the drug particles in a vesicle
pincytosis
the movement of the drug from the circulation to body tissues
drug distribution
What are the factors of influencing drug distribution
vascular permeability and permeability on cell membranes
regional blood flow and pH
Cardiac Output
Tissue Perfussion
Ability of the drug to bind tissue and plasma protein
it is also known as “Biotransformation”
- the process by which the body chemically changes drug into a form that can be excreted
drug metabolism
it is the primary site of metabolism
- metabolizes the lipid - soluble drug substance to a water-soluble substance for renal excretion
liver
elimination of drug from the body
drug excretion
it is the main route of drug excretion
kidney
the desirable response
primary effect
drugs are also excreted through where?
bile
lungs
saliva
sweat
breastmilk
the study of the effects of drugs on the body
pharmacodynamics
may be the desirable or undesirable
secondary effec
could be life threatening
adverse effect
study of the poisonous effect of the drug on the body
-deals with the adverse effects of substances on lining creatures
- these substances, maybe household, environmental, industrial and other substances
toxicology
> rules set assure consumers that they get what they pay for
law entails that the same drug must be uniform in strength, quality and puriyt
according to drug standards, the drug companies
drug standards
sources of drug standards?
united state pharmacopeia and the national fomulary (USP - NF)
international pharmacopeia
the authorative source of drug standards (dosage, forms, drug substances, recipient biologies, compounded, preparation)
united state pharmacopeia and the national formulary
by the World Health Organization (WHO)
- provides a basis for standards in strength and composition of drugs for the use throughout the world
International pharmacopeia
Concerned with general safety standards in the production of, drugs, foods and cosmetics
food and drug administration (FDA)
What are the responsibilities of the FDA?
- inspecting where foods and cosmetics are made
- reviewing new drug application and petition for adatives
- investigation and removing unsafe drugs from the market
- ensuring proper labeling of foods, cosmectics and drugs
is it true all new products must be approved by the FDA beore releasing it to the public?
true
is it true that all labels must be accurate and must include the generic names?
true
DRUGS
high abuse potential
not approved for medical use
heroine
marijuana
cannabis
concerned with controlled substances only which includes depresants, stimulant, pssychotic drugs, narcotics and steroids
-enforces law drug activities, including illegal drug use, dealing and manufacturing
-monitors need for changing the scheduled of abused drugs
- set tigther controls on specific drugs those that were abused by the society
Drug Enforcement administration (DFA)
DRUGS
high abuse potential
may lead to severe dependce
written prescription
morphine
DRUGS
may lead to limited dependence
may be refilled up to sx in 6mos
Marinol
Tylenol with codeine
DRUGS
Low abuse potential
consists of prep. for cough suprressants
phenrgan with codcine
kobitussin A-C
DRUGS
Lower abuse potential than above schedule
valium
ativan
phenobarbiral
Main sources of drugs
Plants
Animals
Minerals
Synthetic
drugs made through, berries, barks, leaves, resin from trees and roots
ex: sambong as anivrolithiasis
Plants
contain hormones that can be reclaimed and given to patients who need increased hormonal levels to maintain homeostatsis
-used to replace human chemicals that are not produced because of disease or genetic problems
ex: insulin from cow and pig pancreas
animals
inorganic crystals substances that are found naturally on earth. Salts of various elements that can have threapeutic effects on human body.
Minerals
(manufactured sources) evolved with human skills in laboratories and davanced chemistry researchers
-artificially produced drug compounds
ex: antibiotics
synthetic
What are the 3 IND’s ( Investigational new drug ) developed in the 1990’s?
zidovudine (AZT) (Retrovir)
Interferon (Roferon A)
Tocrine (Cognex)
Used to treat malignancies and kaposis sarcoma
Interferon ( Roferon A)
which slows down the progression of HIV Infection
Zidovudine ( AZT ) (Retrovir)
What are the 3 IND drugs that were recently developed in the 21st century?
caudet (combination of norvarc and lipitor)
avastin
implantable insulin, transdermal patch, delivered by inhalation, inhaled nasal spray
slow the progression of dementia in clients with Alzheimers
Tocrine (Cognex)
treatment for high blood pressure and high cholesterol
it is also a combination of norvasc and lipitor)
caudet
antiagionesis, first line of treatment for meta static colorectal cancer
avastin
drugs can be categorized under subcategory
*drugs can affect the body in similar ways are on the same classification
classification
can be analgesic, antipyretic, anti - inflammatory, therefore it is categorized under three classifications
aspirin
known to have one therapeutic effect
cyclobenzaprine (flexeri)
undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication other intervention
- harmful and undesirable, more severe and life threatening than side effects
adverse effects
an affect, wheter therapeutic or adverse, that is unintended
side effects
government agency responsible for the regulation and enforcement of drug evaluation and distribution policies
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
drugs that are available without a prescription for self treatment of a variety of complaints
-deemed to be safe when used as directed
over the counter drugs (OTC)
drugs or chemicals whose manufacture, possession or use is regulated by a government to prevent addiction misuse or abuse
- subject to strict roles on how they are made, stored and transported
controlled drugs or substances
drugs that is researched, manufractured, distributed and administered under the supervision of regulatory authorities
ex: barbiturates - luminal, veronal and amytal
regulated drugs
substances that is banned or forbidden by the law or other authorities
ex: methamphetamine hydrochloride (known locally as shabu) and marijuana
prohibited / illegal drugs
look like the desire drug but may not have no active drug, has the wrong active ingredient or has the wrong amount of active ingredient
counterfeit drugs
check the name and label of the medication
right drug
what are the high - alert medications listed by the institute for safe medication practices (ISMP)?
epinephrine
magnesium
methrorexate (oral nononcologic use)
potassium chloride concentrate for injection
what are the 10 rights of medication?
right drug
right dosage
right patient
right route
right timing
right reason
right documentation / recording
right to refuse
right patient education
right evaluation
- can cause harm to the patient
- can have major effect on patients organs: cardiac, respiratory, vascular and neurologic
- can also affect the symphatetic parasymphatetic nervous system
high - alert medications
check the prescription and calculate the correct amount
right drug
check the name on the prescription and wristband
right patient
check the order and appropriateness of the route prescribed
right route
check the frequency and time of the prescribed medication
right timing
check the indication and rationale for the medication
right reason
inform the patient about the medication and its effect
right patient education
respect the patients right to decline the medication
right to refuse
record the administration and any relevant information
right documentation / recording
monitor the patients response and outcome
right evaluation
what are the different drug routes?
intravenous
intramascular
subcutaneous
topical (local effect)
inhalation (rapid, targeted)
oral (portal circulation, liver, first pass metabolism)
rectal ( 50% first - pass )
sublingual ( rapid, no first - pass )
intrathecal (CSF)
transdermal (sustained effect)
different forms of drugs?
tablets and capsules
liquids
transdermals
topical
instillations
inhilations
nasogastric and gastronomy tubes
suppositories
parenteral
intradermal
subcutaneous
- most common oral drugs
- convenient and less expensive and do not require additional supplies for administration
- not given to patients who are vomitting, who lack gag reflex, or to those who are comature
- should not be mixed with large amounts of foods or beverages
tablets and capsules
include elixer, emulsions, and suspensions
- check wheter diluting or shaking is required
- always use personal plastic dosing that measure in milliters (ml) per patient)
liquids
sweetened, hydro - alcoholic liquids used in the preparation of oral liquid medications
elixer
mixture of 2 liquids that are not mutually soluble
emulsions
particles are mixed but not dissolved
suspension
- applied to the skin by painting or spreading over an area
- can be covered with a moist dressing
- can be left exposed to air
topical
medications stored in a patch placed on the skin and is absorbed through the skin to produce a systemic effect
- provide more consistent blood levels than oral and injectable forms
- GI absoprtion problems are avoided associated with oral products
- should be rotated to different sites to avoid skin break - down
transdermals
- liquid medications usually administered as drops, oitments or sprays in the form of eyedrops, eye ointment, eardrops, nose drops and sprays
instillations
metered - dose inhalers (MDI) are handheld devices used to deliver a number of commonly asthma and bronchitis drugs to the lower RT via inhalations
inhalations
acts faster than drugs taken by mouth and fewer side effects occurs
MDI’s
devices used to enhance the delivery of the drug from the MDI
spacers
device that changes liquid medication into fine mist or aerol that has the ability to reach the lower and small airways
nebulizer
how do you position the client when administiring drugs via MDI or nebulizer?
Semi Fowlers or High Fowlers
drugs administered via injection
parenteral
maybe lubricated and inserted past the internal anal sphincter
cone or spindle shaped rectum
produces local effects
- for skin testing ( tuberculin, screening, allergy testing, testing for other drug sensitivities; some imunotherapies for cancer)
intradermal
globular or egg shaped
vagina
pencil shaped drug
urethra
- produces systemic and sustained effect
- absorbed mainly through cappilaries, usually slower onset compared to IM route
- locations are chosen for adequate fat - pad size
- sites should be rotated such to prevent lipodystrophy with insulin or heparin
- 0.5 1ml solution is usually given
subcutaneous
where are the common sites for subcutaneous injection?
outer aspect of the upper arm
abdomen
anterior aspect of the thigh
upper back
upper ventral or dorsogluteal area
for IM injection what is the recommended volume for ventrogluteal?
2.5ml
- produces systematic and more rapid effect
- used for solutions that are more viscous and irritating
- sites are chosen for adequate muscle size and minimal major nerves and blood vessels in the area
intramuscular
for IM injection what is the recommended volume for vastus lateralis?
5ml
for IM injection what is the recommended volume for the deltoid?
1ml
for IM injection what is the recommended volume for rectus femoris?
5ml
- produces systemic effect and is more rapid than IM and SC
- accessible peripheral veins are preferred
Intravenous
for IM injection what is the recommended volume for dorsogluteal ( not recommended )
4ml
recommended when administering IM Injections to help minimize the local skin irritation by sealing the medication in the muscle tissue.
Z - Track Injection technique
what are the three dominant methods used to clarify drugs?
mechanism of action
physiologic effect
chemical structure
what is the purpose of drug classification?
for safety and effectiveness reasons
help limit side effects and adverse effects
to understand what to expect, including the risk and choose a replacement drug when one does not work
to help identify drug to interactions and the potential for drug resistance
