BIOETHICS Flashcards
Prelims
- long established practices common to particular race, class and community.
is Mos or Moris in Latin from which morality is derived
Customs
applied to an individual and implies the repetition of the same action as to develop perform it.
Habit
applies to a regularly folled procedure or pattern in conducting activities.
Habit
branch of moral science concerned with obligations w/a a member of profession owes to the public, to his profession and to his clients.
Professional Ethics
observance of social norms as required by good breeding.
Etiquette
relatively a new term. Originally coined in America.
Bioethics
comes from the terms bios w/c means life and ethics.
Used to describe the application of ethics tio biological sciences, medicine.
According to M.T. Reich, it is a systematic study of human behavior, in the fields of sciences & health care, as examined in the light of moral values and principles.
Bioethics
a cancer researcher claims to have invented the word .
Ban Reusselaer Poter
remains central to this paradigm discipline.
RESPECT
ETHICS
HONESTY
INTEGRITY
Biomedical Ethics
What are the codes of ethics?
Autonomy
Justice
Fidelity
Beneficence
Nonmaleficence
Right to self determination, independence and freedom. Client’s right to make decisions for himself or herself
Autonomy
Obligation of an individual to be faithful to commitments made to himself or herself or unto others
Fidelity
Obligation to be fair to all people
Justice
One of the oldes requirements for health care providers, views the primary goal of health care as doing good for clients under their care
Beneficence
Requirement for that health care provider do no harm to their clients either intentionally or unintentionally
Nonmaleficence
occurs when the care provided by a nurse fails to meet a reasonable standard, resulting in mental and/or physical for a patient.
nurses may be held liable for negligence if their care does not meet the standards of nursing care.
Negligence in Nursing
is a negligence or carelessness by a professional person. It concerns professional actions and in failure of a person, with professional eduacation and skills to act in a reasonable and prudent manner.
occurs when a nurse fails to competently perform his/her medical duties and that failure harms the patient.
Malpractice in Nursing
What are the 4 levels or approach of Ethics? Veatch (2007)
Level of the case
Rule and Rights or Code of Ethics
Normative Ethics
Metaethics
(Casuistry) begins with an issue or concrete moral question or dilemma that one faces here-and-now, or two persons disagreeing on what specific situation, what is morally appropriate behavior.
Case Approach
all products of conception are expelled.
Complete abortion
when cases are not resolved in the first level
This involves existing rights and claims, which are in force and effect. These codes may not be telling what is legal, but also what is ethical. Take note that not everything that is legal is also ethical—-or illegal unethical.
Level of Rules and Rights
holds that moral rules are just guidelines or rules of thumb that must be evaluated in each situation.
The theory that behavior is chiefly response to immediate sitations.
Situationalism
basic norms of behavior are discussed, rules and right claims are defended, and norms of good moral character are articulated.
Normative Ethics
the latter holds position that rules specify practices that are morally obligatory, and which are binding in human conduct
Rules of Practice
concerned with moral principles that govern conduct of a nurse, patients, physician, collegues, community and public.
Nursing Ethics
concerned with the type of conduct or character approved by right and wrong, good or bad relative to health care service.
Health Ethics
highest level of moral discourse
Answers of source of ethics from religious, secular and relativists
Metaethics
Science of living things
may refer to plants and animals. Animal domain includes man and women.
Bioethics- bio a combining and short form for biological or biotic.
Biology
Give me 3 purpose of bioethics
-Protect a competent patient’s decision and ensure the well- being of a patient
-Guard healthcare institutions and those who practice in them from legal liability;
-Enhance public benefits
unexplained bleeding, cramps and backache. Bleeding persist for days and cervix is closed. Followed by partial and complete expulsion of pregnancy.
Threatened
premature expulsion of fetus or child prior to normal birth. It is either spontaneous or by induced termination.
Abortion
occurs naturally with no artificial means. The fetus is usually lost in the first trimister.
Spontaneous Abortion u
is manifested by increase bleeding cramping.
the apperance of symptoms that signal the impending loss of POC.
Immenent abortion
part of the products of conception are retained. Cervix is dilated and admit one finger.
Incomplete abortion
Accomplished in a period between 7-12 wks, utilizing curved blade into the cervix until it reaches the endometrial wall. It is performed under general anaesthesia.
Abortion D and C (Dilation and Curettage)
abortion occurs consecutively in three or more pregnancies.
Habitual Abortion
result of artificial or mechanical interruption or due to voluntary human intervention.
Induced abortion
fetus dies in the utero but is not expelled. Uterine growth ceases, cervix is closed.
Missed abortion
Abdominal incision is follwed by extraction of the fetus from the uterus.
Abortion of this type is undertaken during the last trim.
Abortion by CS
was pioneered by communist abortionist who utilized the suction apparatus.
Abortion is accomplished within 2 minutes.
Done during 12week of gestation.
Abortion by suction
provides that “ The state recognizes the sanctity of life and shall protect the strenghten the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception.”
Despite this position, illegal practice of abortion continues and formal complaints against violators haveto be filed in Phil. courts.
Article II, Sec 12 of the 1986 Constitution
habitual miscarriage, ectopic pregnancies, menstrual disturbance, still births, bleeding, shock, intense pain, loss of appetite.
Physical effects of abortion
guilt,suicidal, loss of sense, loss of confidence, self-destructive, anger, rage, helplessness, inability to forgive herself.
Psychological effects of abortion
comes from two Greek words “eu”, meaning good and “thanatus” meaning death, or a good death.
Euthanasia
also known as “mercy killing”
Euthanasia
Intentional and voluntary. It is an act in which the physician, nurse or other healthcare providers not only provide the means of death but also administer. (invoke the sanctity of life and such act violates the mandate not to kill humans)
Active Euthanasia
involuntary or unintentional termination of life of a patient by someone. It does not require his or her permission or request
Mercy killing
someone takes direct action to terminate a patient’s life upon his or her request. It is an assisted suicide or murder.
Mercy Death
an act which the patient receives the means of death from the physician, or nurse but activate the process themselves.
Passive Euthanasia
low social interaction with others. Social outcast (alone, outsider)
Egoistic
social group involvement is too high, as in the case of a cult or religion
Altruistic
happens during considerable loss/stress/frustration
Anomic
What are the 4 types of suicide
Egoistic
Altruistic
Anomic
Fatalistic
when individuals are kept under tight regulation. Place under high pressure, under extreme rules.
Fatalistic
Myth or Fact
People who talk about suicide wont really do it
Fact
Myth or Fact
“Almost everyone who attempts suicide has given some clue or warning. Don’t ignore even indirect references to death or suicide. Statements like “You’ll be sorry when I’m gone,” “I can’t see any way out,”—no matter how casually or jokingly said—may indicate serious suicidal feelings.”
Fact
Myth or Fact
“ Anyone who tries to kill him/herself must be crazy.”
Myth
Myth or Fact
“Most suicidal people are not psychotic or insane. They are upset, grief-stricken, depressed or despairing, but extreme distress and emotional pain are not necessarily signs of mental illness.”
Fact
Myth or Fact
“If a person is determined to kill him/herself, nothing is going to stop them.”
Myth
Myth or Fact
“Even the most severely depressed person has mixed feelings about death, wavering until the very last moment between wanting to live and wanting to die. Most suicidal people do not want death; they want the pain to stop. The impulse to end it all, however overpowering, does not last forever.”
Fact
What are the warning signs about suicide?
Talking about suicide
Seeking out lethal means
Preoccupation with death
No hope for the future
Self loathing, Self Hatred
Getting affairs in order
Saying goodbye
Withdrawing from others
Withdrawing from friends and family. Increasing social isolation. Desire to be left alone.
Withdrawing from others
Unusual or unexpected visits or calls to family and friends. Saying goodbye to people as if they won’t be seen again.
Saying goodbye
Feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, and being trapped (“There’s no way out”). Belief that things will never get better or change.
No hope for the future
Making out a will. Giving away prized possessions. Making arrangements for family members.
Getting affairs in order
Feelings of worthlessness, guilt, shame, and self-hatred. Feeling like a burden (“Everyone would be better off without me”).
Self Loathing, Self Hatred
The end of life. The cessation of life. (These common definitions of death ultimately depend upon the definition of life, upon which there is no consensus.)
Death
Unusual focus on death, dying, or violence. Writing poems or stories about death.
Preuccopation with death
Any talk about suicide, dying, or self-harm, such as “I wish I hadn’t been born,” “If I see you again…” and “I’d be better off dead.”
Talking about suicide
Seeking access to guns, pills, knives, or other objects that could be used in a suicide attempt.
Seeking out lethal means
when a person has stopped breathing
Clinical Death
when the brain has been deprived of blood and oxygen, long enough and the cells began to die
Biological Death
Means as “ within a glass”
A.K.A “laboratory fertilization”
In Vitro Fertilization
An individual who has sustained either (1) irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions, or (2) irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem, is dead. A determination of death must be made in accordance with accepted medical standards.
Determination of Death
Successfully done in the US for the first time in 1981.
In Vitro Fertilization
Also known as “test tube fertilization”
In Vitro Fertilization
Give me 3 goals of IVF
Assess structural normality of conception in clients who have repeated abortion.
Increase knowledge that is useful in contraceptive tech. and alleviate genetic problems.
Test effectivity of the agents
Biomedical technique whereby fertilized ovum is implanted into the uterus of another woman who will carry the baby to term either as a favor or fee.
Surrogate Motherhood
Referred to as “rent womb” or “uterus for rent”
Surrogate motherhood
biological cells that can differentiate into other types of stem cells and can divide into same type of stem cells
Stem Cells
are undifferentiated, or “blank cells”
Stem Cells
is a rapidly developing field that combines the efforts of cell biologists, geneticists, and clinicians and offers hope of effective treatment for a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases
Stem Cell Technology
“fertilized egg”
divides into two cells, then four cells, and so on. Eventually, the cells begin to differentiate, taking on a certain function in a part of the body. This process is called differentiation.
Zygote
It is used in lieu of man or woman to give both sexes justice in the treatment of the matter
The Human Person
They have the ability to divide and make an indefinite number of copies of themselves.
Stem Cells
-A human person is a living paradox. He/ She is a perennial problem which philosophers, leaders-managers from ancient times to date have focused on to understand.
-delved into his origin, composition, essence and searched out for the meaning of existence
Personhood
is the individuality of man or woman. He /she is a human person- who-always-exist-with-and-for-others-in-the-world.
Human Person
Signifies something done by a person. It is any bodily movement tending to produce some effect in the world.
In moral use, it means something done voluntarily ( such nature that moral or legal consequences are attached to it.)
The combination of two terms suggest that HUMAN ACT is a deed that proceeds from a conscious mind and deliberate free will of a person. *** p. 15 Joven
Human Act
act or state of awareness or understanding.
When thind is conscious , the act is deliberate.
Knowledge
the actor, performer or doer knows what he/she is doing. Aware about the means to employ & the ends to be achieved.
Deliberateness
synonymous to liberty. It is the power of the will to follow the dictates of unrestricted choice & to direct act of the individual w/o restraint or contol from another person.
Freedom
quality of being unconstrained by interference by another’s influence. Char. by sponttaneity of action, proceeds from free will.
Voluntariness
is free, intelligent and intentional act.
Voluntary Act
faculty of the mind by w/c distingishes truth from falsehood, good or evil, which enables the possesor to deduce inferences from facts and propositions.
Reason
faculty of conscious and deliberate actions. Characterized by motives by w/c applies to the feeling, desire, inclination that makes a person do t he/she does.
Will
Develops his imperatives, the basis on which human beings ought to act
“ we should act so as to treat humanity never only as a means but also as an end”
Kantian Ethics
supreme principle of duty; act according to the maxim that you would wish all other rational people to follow, as if it were a universal law ( an improvement of the golden rule)
Categorical imperative
Rightness or wrongness of an action depends on its consequences. The dominant version of this is utilitarianism (morally right action is the action that produces more good), particularly associated with Jeremy Bentham (1748- 1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
Consequentialism
is an ethical theory that judges whether or not something is right by what its consequences are.
Consequentialism
is defined as an ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules, rather than based on the consequences of the action
Deontology
Principle of equal liberty- each person has an equal right to the most extensive liberties compatible with similar liberties for all (Egalitarian)
Theory of Justice
Developed by William D. Ross, who focused on his distinction between rightness and goodness and the two-fold principle by which to resolve conflicting duties.
Rightness belongs to acts, independent of motives, and so we speak of right or wrong acts
Moral goodness belongs to motives, and so we speak of bad and good motives
Ross Ethics
directs command what one ought to perform
Prima facie duty
What are the 7 prima facie duties?
Fidelity
Non - Injury/ Non-maleficence
Gratitude
Beneficence
Self-Improvement
Justice
Reparation
ultimate guide in particular case of conflicting prima facie duties
Moral intuition
the duty not to harm others physically or psychologically: to avoid harming their health, security, intelligence, character, or happiness. It also includes a duty to prevent injury to others.
Non - Injury/ Non - maleficence
duties of fidelity are duties to keep one’s promises and contracts and not to engage in deception.
Fidelity
the duty of gratitude is a duty to be grateful for benefactions done to oneself and if possible to show it by benefactions in return. The duty to thank those who helped us.
Gratitude
does not have to do with the amount of good produced but with its distribution. We have the duty to try to be fair and distribute benefits and burdens equably and evenly.
Justice
The duty of self-improvement is to act so as to promote one’s own good self. we have an obligation to improve our own virtue, intelligence and happiness, health, security, wisdom
Self - Improvement
the duty to do good to others: to foster their health, security, wisdom, moral goodness, or happiness. This duty, says Ross, “rests upon the fact that there are other beings in the world whose condition we can make better in respect of virtue, or of intelligence, or of pleasure
Beneficence
doing restitution ie duty to make amends when we have wronged someone else. (Duty to make up for the injuries one has done to others). Ross describes this duty as “resting on a previous wrongful act“.
Reparation
the protection of oneself from harm or death, especially regarded as a basic instinct in human beings and animals.
Self Preservation
3 Natural Inclinations of Man
Self preservation
Just dealing with others
Propagation of Species
manifested by the natural light of human reason, demanding the preservation of the natural order and forbidding its violation.
Christian Ethics
Also known as “Natural law”
St. Thomas Aquinas (Christian Ethics)
states that the moral norm depends upon a given situation, but whatever the situation may be, one must always act in the name of Christian love.
Situationalism
“Sexual Love”
Eros
Affection that binds a partner, brother or sister
Philia
One’s care concern, and kindness towards others
Agape
was a primeval god, son of Chaos, the original primeval emptiness of the universe, but later tradition made him the son of Aphrodite, goddess of sexual love and beauty, by either Zeus (the king of the gods).
Eros
is the kind of love by which one should act and settle what is right and wrong, just and unjust, in any complicated situation.
Agape
is literally benevolence, it is a matter of loving the unlovable, the unlikable, the uncongenial, the unresponsive; it wills the neighbor’s good whether we like it or not
Christian Love
Actions are good insofar as they tend to promote happiness, bad as they tend to promote happiness
We should consider the possible effects of each action
Utilitarian
who is a health care provider, taking care of the sick people at home or in the RHU Health
Clinician
who aims towards health promotion and illness prevention through dissemination of correct information; educating people
Educator
who establishes multi-sectoral linkages by referral system
Facilitator
who monitors and supervises the performance of midwives
Supervisor
who speaks on behalf of the client
Health Advocator
who works with other health team member
Collaborator
