BIOETHICS Flashcards
Prelims
- long established practices common to particular race, class and community.
is Mos or Moris in Latin from which morality is derived
Customs
applied to an individual and implies the repetition of the same action as to develop perform it.
Habit
applies to a regularly folled procedure or pattern in conducting activities.
Habit
branch of moral science concerned with obligations w/a a member of profession owes to the public, to his profession and to his clients.
Professional Ethics
observance of social norms as required by good breeding.
Etiquette
relatively a new term. Originally coined in America.
Bioethics
comes from the terms bios w/c means life and ethics.
Used to describe the application of ethics tio biological sciences, medicine.
According to M.T. Reich, it is a systematic study of human behavior, in the fields of sciences & health care, as examined in the light of moral values and principles.
Bioethics
a cancer researcher claims to have invented the word .
Ban Reusselaer Poter
remains central to this paradigm discipline.
RESPECT
ETHICS
HONESTY
INTEGRITY
Biomedical Ethics
What are the codes of ethics?
Autonomy
Justice
Fidelity
Beneficence
Nonmaleficence
Right to self determination, independence and freedom. Client’s right to make decisions for himself or herself
Autonomy
Obligation of an individual to be faithful to commitments made to himself or herself or unto others
Fidelity
Obligation to be fair to all people
Justice
One of the oldes requirements for health care providers, views the primary goal of health care as doing good for clients under their care
Beneficence
Requirement for that health care provider do no harm to their clients either intentionally or unintentionally
Nonmaleficence
occurs when the care provided by a nurse fails to meet a reasonable standard, resulting in mental and/or physical for a patient.
nurses may be held liable for negligence if their care does not meet the standards of nursing care.
Negligence in Nursing
is a negligence or carelessness by a professional person. It concerns professional actions and in failure of a person, with professional eduacation and skills to act in a reasonable and prudent manner.
occurs when a nurse fails to competently perform his/her medical duties and that failure harms the patient.
Malpractice in Nursing
What are the 4 levels or approach of Ethics? Veatch (2007)
Level of the case
Rule and Rights or Code of Ethics
Normative Ethics
Metaethics
(Casuistry) begins with an issue or concrete moral question or dilemma that one faces here-and-now, or two persons disagreeing on what specific situation, what is morally appropriate behavior.
Case Approach
all products of conception are expelled.
Complete abortion
when cases are not resolved in the first level
This involves existing rights and claims, which are in force and effect. These codes may not be telling what is legal, but also what is ethical. Take note that not everything that is legal is also ethical—-or illegal unethical.
Level of Rules and Rights
holds that moral rules are just guidelines or rules of thumb that must be evaluated in each situation.
The theory that behavior is chiefly response to immediate sitations.
Situationalism
basic norms of behavior are discussed, rules and right claims are defended, and norms of good moral character are articulated.
Normative Ethics
the latter holds position that rules specify practices that are morally obligatory, and which are binding in human conduct
Rules of Practice
concerned with moral principles that govern conduct of a nurse, patients, physician, collegues, community and public.
Nursing Ethics
concerned with the type of conduct or character approved by right and wrong, good or bad relative to health care service.
Health Ethics
highest level of moral discourse
Answers of source of ethics from religious, secular and relativists
Metaethics
Science of living things
may refer to plants and animals. Animal domain includes man and women.
Bioethics- bio a combining and short form for biological or biotic.
Biology
Give me 3 purpose of bioethics
-Protect a competent patient’s decision and ensure the well- being of a patient
-Guard healthcare institutions and those who practice in them from legal liability;
-Enhance public benefits
unexplained bleeding, cramps and backache. Bleeding persist for days and cervix is closed. Followed by partial and complete expulsion of pregnancy.
Threatened
premature expulsion of fetus or child prior to normal birth. It is either spontaneous or by induced termination.
Abortion
occurs naturally with no artificial means. The fetus is usually lost in the first trimister.
Spontaneous Abortion u
is manifested by increase bleeding cramping.
the apperance of symptoms that signal the impending loss of POC.
Immenent abortion
part of the products of conception are retained. Cervix is dilated and admit one finger.
Incomplete abortion
Accomplished in a period between 7-12 wks, utilizing curved blade into the cervix until it reaches the endometrial wall. It is performed under general anaesthesia.
Abortion D and C (Dilation and Curettage)
abortion occurs consecutively in three or more pregnancies.
Habitual Abortion
result of artificial or mechanical interruption or due to voluntary human intervention.
Induced abortion
fetus dies in the utero but is not expelled. Uterine growth ceases, cervix is closed.
Missed abortion
Abdominal incision is follwed by extraction of the fetus from the uterus.
Abortion of this type is undertaken during the last trim.
Abortion by CS
was pioneered by communist abortionist who utilized the suction apparatus.
Abortion is accomplished within 2 minutes.
Done during 12week of gestation.
Abortion by suction
provides that “ The state recognizes the sanctity of life and shall protect the strenghten the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception.”
Despite this position, illegal practice of abortion continues and formal complaints against violators haveto be filed in Phil. courts.
Article II, Sec 12 of the 1986 Constitution
habitual miscarriage, ectopic pregnancies, menstrual disturbance, still births, bleeding, shock, intense pain, loss of appetite.
Physical effects of abortion
guilt,suicidal, loss of sense, loss of confidence, self-destructive, anger, rage, helplessness, inability to forgive herself.
Psychological effects of abortion
comes from two Greek words “eu”, meaning good and “thanatus” meaning death, or a good death.
Euthanasia
also known as “mercy killing”
Euthanasia
Intentional and voluntary. It is an act in which the physician, nurse or other healthcare providers not only provide the means of death but also administer. (invoke the sanctity of life and such act violates the mandate not to kill humans)
Active Euthanasia
involuntary or unintentional termination of life of a patient by someone. It does not require his or her permission or request
Mercy killing
someone takes direct action to terminate a patient’s life upon his or her request. It is an assisted suicide or murder.
Mercy Death
an act which the patient receives the means of death from the physician, or nurse but activate the process themselves.
Passive Euthanasia
low social interaction with others. Social outcast (alone, outsider)
Egoistic
social group involvement is too high, as in the case of a cult or religion
Altruistic
happens during considerable loss/stress/frustration
Anomic