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From Flashcardlet > Pharmacology: Penicillins and Cephalosporins > Flashcards

Pharmacology: Penicillins and Cephalosporins Flashcards

0
Q

semisynthetic penicillins

A

the only class of penicillins that is beta-lactamase resistant

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1
Q

10%

A

upper limit of incidence of true penicillin allergy

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2
Q

penicillin, semisyntheic penicillins, aminopenicillins, carboxypenicillins, ureidopenicillins

A

name the five classes of penicillins

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3
Q

MSSA

A

semisynthetic penicillins are specialists against this pathogen

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4
Q

carbenicillin, ticarcillin

A

name the two carboxypenicillins

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5
Q

piperacillin, mezclocillin, azlocillin

A

name the three ureidopenicillins

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6
Q

Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus mirabilis

A

five bacteria against which aminopenicillins have strong activity (in addition to gram positive)

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7
Q

Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Proteus

A

oxypenicillins are active against these three bacteria

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8
Q

gram positives

A

oxypenicillins are generally a bad choice for these bacteria, in contrast to ureidopenicillins

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9
Q

Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Listeria

A

ureidopenicillins are strongly active against these three bacteria

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10
Q

S. aureus, streptococcus

A

two bacteria that first-generation cephalosporins are especially active against

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11
Q

strong, moderate

A

Activity of first generation cephalosporins against gram positives and gram negatives (strong, moderate, poor)

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12
Q

false

A

TRUE or FALSE: first-generation cephalosporins are, by definition, beta-lactamase resistant

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13
Q

cefuroxime

A

second-generation cephalosporin that is valuable against penicillinase-producing gonococcus and ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae

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14
Q

cefoxitin, cefamandole

A

second-generation cephalosporins that are active against indole-positive Proteus and Bacteroides

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15
Q

beta-lactamase positive Enterobacteriaceae

A

third-generation cephalosporins are designed to handle this class of organisms

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16
Q

cefoperazone, ceftazidime

A

two third-generation cephalosporins with activity against Pseudomonas

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17
Q

90%

A

fluoroquinolones are active against this percentage of common corneal pathogens

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18
Q

ofloxacin 0.3% (Ocuflox), ciprofloxacin 0.3% (Ciloxan), levofloxacin 0.5% (Quixin), gatifloxacin 0.3% (Zymar), gatifloxacin 0.5% (Zymaxid), moxifloxacin 0.5% (Vigamox)

A

name the five topical fluoroquinolones (with concentrations and trade names) - one is duplicated

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19
Q

ciprofloxacin 0.3% (Ciloxan)

A

the fluoroquinolone formulated at the lowest pH and associated with precipitate formation (trade name and concentration)

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20
Q

ciprofloxacin

A

fluoroquinolone available as an ointment

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21
Q

Polytrim, aminoglycoside, fluoroquinoloine, bacitracin

A

four options for empiric treatment of acute bacterial conjunctivitis

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22
Q

erythromycin ung, bacitracin ung, gentamicin ung, ciprofloxacin gtts

A

four options for empiric topical therapy in hyperacute conjunctivitis (include delivery method)

23
Q

erythromycin ung, sulfacetamide ung

A

two options for topical therapy in neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis (include delivery method)

24
Q

tetracycline ung

A

topical therapy for trachoma

25
Q

fourth-generation fluoroquinolone

A

topical therapy for bacterial keratitis

26
Q

MRSA

A

major pathogen missed by fourth-generation fluoroquinolone

27
Q

ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin

A

two second-generation fluoroquinolones

28
Q

gram positives

A

group of organisms not covered by second-generation fluoroquinolones

29
Q

clarithromycin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin

A

three options for topical therapy against atypical mycobacteria

30
Q

vancomycin

A

antibiotic of choice in chronic postoperative endophthalmitis

31
Q

Unasyn, Bactrim, clindamycin

A

three oral/parenteral antibiotic choices in preseptal cellulitis

32
Q

clindamycin

A

antibiotic with a special role in treating necrotizing fasciitis

33
Q

epithelial toxicity

A

drug-related adverse reactions to fluoroquinolones can be primarily attributed to this effect

34
Q

aminoglycosides

A

which are generally more toxic to the corneal epithelium, fluoroquinolones or aminoglycosides?

35
Q

hypersensitivity, poor Staph coverage

A

sulfonamides are often poor choices for topical therapy for two reasons

36
Q

warfarin

A

tetracyclines should be avoided in patients on this medication

37
Q

H. influenzae, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella

A

tetracyclines are active against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including Rickettsiae, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia but they provide poor coverage for these four gram negatives

38
Q

photosensitivity, bone deposits, pseudotumor cerebri, Fanconi syndrome

A

four side effects of systemic teracycline therapy

39
Q

amikacin

A

aminoglycoside that is amazingly resistant to enzymatic degradation by bacteria

40
Q

Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia

A

aminoglycosides share activity against these five bacteria

41
Q

gentamicin, tobramycin

A

two aminoglycosides that are also active against gram-positives, including Staph aureus and epidermidis

42
Q

kanamycin

A

aminoglycoside with the least activity against gram negatives

43
Q

0.3%

A

concentration of gentamicin and tobramycin

44
Q

Garamycin, Genoptic, Gentasol, Gentak

A

four trade names for topical gentamicin

45
Q

Ak-Tob, Tobrasol, Tobrex

A

three trade names for topical tobramycic

46
Q

neomycin

A

topical allergy to this amioglycoside occurs in 8% of cases

47
Q

dexamethasone 0.1%, neomycin 3.5 mg base/g, polymixin B 10,000 units/g

A

three components of Maxitrol ung (with concentrations)

48
Q

true

A

TRUE or FALSE: Unlike with parenteral administaration, topical administration of vancomycin is not associated with ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity

49
Q

streptococcus, pneumococcus, gonococcus

A

erythromycin is bacteriostatic against these three organisms

50
Q

40%

A

prevalence of erythromycin resistance among streptococci

51
Q

S. aureus

A

clarithromycin extends the activity spectrum of erythromycin to include this bacterium in particular

52
Q

H. influenzae, Chlamydia, N. gonorrhea

A

azithromycin extends extends the activity spectrum of erythromycin to include these pathogens in particular

53
Q

azithromycin 1% (AzaSite)

A

recently approved by the FDA for acute bacterial conjunctivitis

54
Q

gram negatives

A

Polymixin B is active against these bacteria

55
Q

gram positives, H. influenzae, Neisseria, Actinomyces

A

bacitracin spectrum of activity

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