Pharmacology Orientation and Scope Flashcards
Pro-drug
Converted to active drug by biologic processes in the body.
Pharmacotherapeautics
Determines appropriate use of meds to treat, manage or prevent SX.
Pharmacogenomics
Studies genetic impact on drugs metabolism, etc.
Chemical name
Generic name
Trade/brand name
4, 5-epoxy-3, 1,4-dihydroxy…
Oxymorphone hydrochloride
OPANA (Micardis, Keflex, etc.)
Synergistic effect
3 + 3 = 9
Potentiation effect
4 + 0 = 7
Functional antagonism
2 agonists interact w/ different receptors to produce opposite effects (adrenergic drug/vasodilator)
Chemical antagonism
Drug counters the effect of another resulting in decreased effect (CaNa2 EDTA and Pb/As)
Disproportional antagonism
Metabolism of a chemical is altered and the concentration and/or duration of the chemical are diminished (EtOh/Methanol > Alcohol dehydrogenase
Receptor antagonism
Receptor configuration/specificity
Therapaeutic equivalence
Drugs must be pharmaceutically-equivalent AND expected to have the same (1) therapeautic (clinical) effect and (2) safety profile.
2 requirements of bioequivalence
- Similar rate and extent of absorption
2. 80-125% of reference point
What are 3 categories of deleterious side effects?
Pharmacological
Pathological
Genotoxic
Micro/Milli is…
1/1000th
1 kg =
2.2 lbs
1 tsp =
5 ml
1 tbsp =
15 ml = 3 tsps
1 oz =
30 ml
1 qt =
946 ml = 2 pints
1 pint =
473 ml
1 L =
1000 ml
1 gal =
3.79 L = 4 qts = 8 pints
Schedule 1
All non-research use is illegal under federal law. Not used in clinic.
Schedule 2
No telephone Rx, no refills.
-high potential for abuse which can cause severe psych/physical dependence.
Schedule 3
New Rx written after 6 mo or 5 refills.
-Moderate to low potential for psych/physical abuse.
Schedule 4
Rx must be written after 6 mo or 5 refills. Differs from Schedule 3 for illegal possession.
-Low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence.
Schedule 5
Non-opioid Rx. Dispensed w/o Rx.
Pregnancy risk categories (4)
Risk exposure registry
Risk summary
Clinical considerations
Data
Lactation risk categories (3)
Risk summary
Clinical considerations
Data
Females and Males of Reproductive Potential (3)
Pregnancy testing
Contraception
Infertility
qd bid tid qid qod
qd - daily bid - 2x daily tid - 3x daily qid - 4x daily qod - every other day
q am q pm qhs ac pc
q am: every morning q pm: every evening qhs: every night at bedtime ac: before meals pc: after meals
od
os
ou
od: right eye
os: left eye
ou: both eyes
ad
as
au
ad: right ear
as: left ear
au: both ears
po
sl
po: orally
sl: sublingual
iv im sq pr NGT OGT
iv: intravenously
im: intramuscularly
sq: subQ
pr: per rectum
NGT: naso-gastric tube
OGT: oro-gastric tube
2 major reasons in past years for drug therapy failure
- Medication errors
2. Patient compliance
3 major steps of Drug Action in a Biological System and where do PK and PD come into play?
- Prescribed dose –> Administered dose (pt. compliance)
- Administered dose –> Conc. at site of action (PK)
- Conc. at site of action –> drug effects (PD)
What ratio makes up the therapaeutic window?
Minimum effective conc. (MEC)/Minimum toxic conc. (MTC)
Drugs w/ a low therapeautic window (TI)
Digoxin Li Warfarin Theophylline Phenytoin Gentamycin Amphotericin B 5-fluorouracil
On a dose-response curve, how is potency determined?
The drug that has an effect at the lowest conc. (furthest toward Y-axis)
On a dose-response curve, how is effectiveness determined?
The drugs that have the greatest response (highest on Y-axis)
“A” codes vs. “B” codes for therapeautic equivalence
A: drug considered to be therapeautically equivalent to other pharmaceautically equivalent products.
B: drug products that FDA currently does not consider to be therapeautically equivalent to other pharmaceautically equivalent products.
2 classes of meds/drugs (1 subclass)
- OTC - no Rx needed.
- Legend - Rx needed.
- A: Scheduled/controlled: based on abuse potential.
- B: Non-scheduled/non-controlled: no abuse potential.
