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MBChB YR2: Opthalmology > Pharmacology: Optho Drugs > Flashcards

Pharmacology: Optho Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

Stop aqueous production

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2
Q

Name an ocular side effect of chloroquine

A

Maculopathy

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3
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of penicillins and cephalosporins

A

β-lactam ring inhibits the enzyme which makes bacterial cell wall → without cell wall bacteria die

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4
Q

Describe the mechanism of action for local anaesthetics

A

Blocks sodium channels and impedes nerve conduction

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5
Q

What is the indication for sympathomimetics?

A

Dilate the pupil before diagnostic/therapeutic procedures

⍺2 agonists used in refractory glaucoma)

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6
Q

Why should you not give chloramphenicol to newborns?

A

Newborns livers are unable to process chloramphenicol, results in grey baby syndrome

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7
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of quinolone antibiotics

A

Inhibit DNA gyrase, an enzyme that compresses bacterial DNA onto supercoils

Inhibition of DNA gyrase means nucleic acid synthesis is inhibited - supercoils unwind leading to cell death

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8
Q

What is ganciclovir?

A

Antiviral used in the management of dendritic ulcers of the cornea

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9
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of ⍺2 adrenergic agonists

A

Stop aqueous production and opens up drainage pathways for aqueous

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10
Q

Name an ocular side effect of rifampicin

A

Red tears (can stain contacts)

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11
Q

Name a contraindication for ⍺2 adrenergic agonists

A

Contraindicated in children

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12
Q

Name the most commonly used topical ocular antibiotic

A

Chloramphenicol

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13
Q

What is the indication for topical β-blockers e.g. timolol?

A

Second-line option for the management of glaucoma

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14
Q

Describe the indications for steroid eye drops

A

Used to suppress inflammation e.g. post cataract op, uveitis, prevent corneal graft rejection

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15
Q

What type of antibiotic is ofloxacin?

A

Quinolone

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16
Q

Name the route of administration of mydriatics

A

Topical

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17
Q

Name an ocular side effect of amiodarone

A

Corneal verticillata

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18
Q

Chloramphenicol is bactericidal for which organisms?

A

Strep. and Haemophilus

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19
Q

What is the indication for topical ⍺2 adrenergic agonists e.g. brimonidine?

A

Sympathomimetic drug which is an alternative option for the management of glaucoma

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20
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of chloramphenicol

A

Inhibits peptidyl transferase enzyme (inhibits bacterial protein synthesis)

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21
Q

When might antihistamines and mast cell stabilisers be used in ophthalmology?

A

Hayfever/allergic conjunctivitis

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22
Q

Name the route of administration for ganciclovir

A

Topical or systemic

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23
Q

Name two contraindications for steroids

A

Inappropriate use of steroids can result in the proliferation of herpes simplex keratitis

Do not use in dendritic ulcer - cause corneal melt

24
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of prostanoids e.g. latanoprost

A

Open up drainage pathways for aqueous humour

25
Q

Name the route of administration for ⍺2 adrenergic agonists

26
Q

Chloramphenicol is bacteriostatic for which organism?

27
Q

What physical properties of chloramphenicol enable it to pass through the cornea?

A

It has both hydrophillic and hydrophobic properties

28
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of ganciclovir

A

Inhibits viral DNA synthesis

29
Q

Name an ocular side effect of alcohol and ethambutol

A

Optic atrophy

30
Q

When might NSAIDs be used in ophthalmology?

A

Pain relief e.g. post refractive laser

31
Q

Give two examples of steroid eye drops

A

Betamathasone, prednisolonce acetate

32
Q

Name the route of administration for parasympathomimetics

33
Q

Describe the mechanism of action for parasympathomimetics

A

Act on parasympathetic system to contract the pupillary sphincter, resulting in constriction of pupil (miosis)

Contraction of ciliary body changes shape of lens which allows more aqueous to drain

34
Q

Why is compliance for parasympathomimetics poor?

A

4 x daily administration

35
Q

Name the route of administration for latanoprost?

36
Q

Name two ocular side effects of prolonged use of topical steroids

A

Cataract, glaucoma

37
Q

Name two side effects of mydriatics

A

Blurring of vision

Can precipitate AACG

38
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of topical β-blockers e.g. timolol

A

Reduce rate of production of aqueous humour

39
Q

Name an ocular side effect of digoxin

A

Changes in colour appreciation

40
Q

What is the indication for latanoprost (xalatan)?

A

First-line in the management of glaucoma

41
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of sympathomimetics

A

Act on sympathetic system to cause pupil to dilate

Some cause cycloplegia (e.g. atropine), some do not (e.g. phenylephrine)

42
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of steroid eye drops

A

Decreases transcription of inflammatory proteins and increases transcription of anti-inflammatory proteins

43
Q

Name the route of administration of sympathomimetics

44
Q

Penicillins and cephalosporins are classed as _______ antibiotics

45
Q

Name the most commonly used diagnostic dye

A

Fluorescein

46
Q

Describe the mechanism of action for mydriatics

A

Cause pupil dilation by blocking parasympathetic supply to iris

Stop lens from focusing (cycloplegia)

47
Q

Name the route of administration for chloramphenicol

A

Ointment or drops

48
Q

Name a side effect of parasympathomimetics

A

Night blindness

49
Q

What is the indication for mydriatics e.g. tropicamide, cyclopentolate?

A

Applied before fundoscopy to aid examination

50
Q

Name the route of administration for carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

Topical (dorzolamide)or systemic (acetazolamide)

51
Q

What is the indication for carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

Second-line option for the management of glaucoma

52
Q

Name three indications for fluorescein

A

Shows corneal abrasion

Shows dendritic ulcer

Identify leaks

53
Q

Name two contraindications for chloramphenicol

A

History of anaplastic anaemia, history of allergy

54
Q

What is the indication for parasympathomimetics e.g. pilocarpine?

A

Alternative option for the management of glaucoma

55
Q

Name an ocular side effect of vigabatrin

A

Field defect

56
Q

Name two side effects of chloramphenicol

A

Allergy, irreversible anaplastic anaemia (rare)

57
Q

Name the indication for prostinoids

A

First-line in the management of glaucoma

MBChB YR2: Opthalmology (20 decks)

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