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MBChB YR2: Opthalmology > Anatomy: The Eyeball > Flashcards

Anatomy: The Eyeball Flashcards

1
Q

Why will occlusion of the central artery of the retina quickly cause blindness?

A

It is an end artery

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2
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Optic nerve

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3
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Superior ophthalmic vein

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4
Q

What is the posterior segment of the eye?

A

Segment of eye located behind the lens; contains the vitreous body (which contains vitreous humour)

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5
Q

What is the fundus of the eye?

A

Interior (posterior) surface of the eye opposite the lens where light is focused and includes the retina, optic disc, macula, fovea, and posterior pole

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6
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Central artery and central vein of the retina

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7
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Inferior ophthalmic vein

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8
Q

Name the artery which supplies the internal surface of the retina

A

Central artery of the retina

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9
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Iris

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10
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Posterior segment

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11
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Lower eyelid (lined by conjunctiva)

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12
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Posterior chamber

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13
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Lacrimal lake

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14
Q

Describe the structure of the ciliary body

A

Comprised of two parts, the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes

The ciliary muscle consists of a collection of smooth muscles fibres which are attached to the lens of the eye by the ciliary processes

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15
Q

Describe the circulation of aqueous humor in the anterior segment of the eye

A
  1. Secretion of aqueous by the ciliary processes of the ciliary body
  2. Aqueous circulates within posterior chamber to nourish lens
  3. Aqueous then passes through pupil into anterior chamber to nourish cornea
  4. Aqueous reabsorbed into scleral venous sinus (Canal of Schlemm) at iridocorneal angle
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16
Q

Name the light detecting component of the eye

A

Retina

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17
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

Formed by axons of ganglion cells that leave the eye to form the optic nerve (CN II formation)

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18
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Branches of retinal vessels (arterioles and venules)

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19
Q

The _______ provides attachment for the extraocular muscles

A

Sclera

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20
Q

What is the function of the ciliary body?

A

Adapts the shape of the lens, anchors the lens and produces aqueous humor

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21
Q

How is it possible that retrograde infection from the nasal area can to spread to the brain, forming the so-called ‘danger triangle’?

A

Due to the venous communication (via the opthalmic veins) between the facial vein and the cavernous sinus

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22
Q

What is the fovea?

A

Depression 1.5 mm diameter at the centre of the macula, responsible for high acuity vision

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23
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Choroid

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24
Q

In fundoscopy, what does the complete interruption of retinal artery branch/retinal vein indicate?

A

Loss of an area of visual field corresponding to the area of ischaemia

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25
Q

The retinal veins and retinal arteries lie ________ to the retina

A

Anterior

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26
Q

What is the iris?

A

Pigmented membrane with a central opening (the pupil) which adjusts its size in response to light

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27
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Iris (covered by cornea)

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28
Q

Light from objects in the _____ visual field strike the nasal retina of the left eye and the temporal retina of the right eye, and vice versa

A

Left

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29
Q

Why are the layers of the retina described as ‘inverted’?

A

The light sensing cells are in back of the retina, so that light has to pass through layers of neurons and capillaries before it reaches the rods and cones

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30
Q

What is indicated by the colour green?

A

Cornea

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31
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Conjunctival vessel

32
Q

What is the bulbar conjunctiva?

A

Thin mucous membrane which is a reflection of the palpebral conjunctiva (deepest layer of eyelid); covers the sclera

33
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

34
Q

What is indicated by the colour blue?

35
Q

The retina is composed of 10 layers of cells; name the 4 main components from posterior-anterior

A

Retinal pigment epithelium

Rods and cones (photoreceptors)

Bipolar neurons

Ganglion neurons - axons of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve

36
Q

What is indicated by the arrows?

A

Internal carotid artery

37
Q

Where is the posterior chamber of the anterior segment of the eye located?

A

Between iris and suspensory ligaments

38
Q

Axons of the ganglion cells of the retina form the ______ ______

A

Optic nerve

39
Q

How is the diameter of the iris controlled?

A

The diameter of the pupil is altered by smooth muscle fibres within the iris, which are innervated by the autonomic nervous system

40
Q

Where is light from the left visual field processed?

A

Right primary visual cortex

41
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

Provides nutrition and gas exchange to the outer layers of the retina

42
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the eyeball

A

Venous drainage of the eyeball is carried out by the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins, which drain into the cavernous sinus via the superior orbital fissure

43
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Sclera (covered by conjunctiva)

44
Q

Where is the anterior chamber of the anterior segment of the eye located?

A

Between cornea and iris

45
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Inferior lacrimal papilla and punctum

46
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Cavernous sinus

47
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Ciliary body

48
Q

Name the only point of entry/exit for blood vessels and axons of CN II

A

Optic disc

49
Q

Neurochemical signals are transmitted from the retina to visual centres in the brain by nerve fibres in the _____ _____

A

Optic nerve

50
Q

Name the components of the uvea (vascular layer of the eye)

A

Iris, ciliary body, choroid

51
Q

Name the artery responsible for the majority of the blood supply to the eyeball

A

Ophthalmic artery

52
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Anterior chamber

53
Q

Where does the inferior ophthalmic vein mainly drained into?

A

Superior ophthalmic vein

54
Q

What is indicated by the arrows?

A

Opthalmic artery

55
Q

Name the components of the fibrous layer of the eyeball

A

Sclera and cornea

56
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Optic disc

57
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Limbus (corneoscleral junction)

58
Q

Light entering the eye is partially (2/3) refracted by the _______

59
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Anterior segment

60
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Pituitary gland

61
Q

Name the artery which supplies some of the structures in the floor of the orbit of the eye

A

Infraorbital artery (branch of external carotid)

62
Q

Why does the optic nerve form the ‘blind spot’?

A

Has no photoreceptors

63
Q

In fundoscopy, what does the complete interruption of flow of the central artery (end artery) or vein indicate?

A

Monocular blindness

64
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Caverous sinus via the superior orbital fissure

65
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Location of the lacrimal gland

66
Q

The ophthalmic artery is a branch of which other artery?

A

Internal carotid artery

67
Q

Name the only vein which drains the retina

A

Central vein of the retina

68
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Conjunctival fornix

69
Q

The ‘angle’ in closed or open-angle glaucoma refers to?

A

The iridocorneal angle

70
Q

Describe the structure of the choroid

A

Layer of connective tissue and blood vessels

71
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Regulates the amount of light that reaches the retina

72
Q

What is aqueous humor?

A

Clear plasma-like fluid which fills the anterior segment of the eye; nourishes and protects the eye

73
Q

What is the macula?

A

Centre of the retina, greatest density of cones

74
Q

Where is light from the right visual field processed?

A

Left primary visual cortex

75
Q

At the _____ _______ the nerve fibres that arise from the nasal retina cross to the opposite side of the brain

A

Optic chiasma

MBChB YR2: Opthalmology (20 decks)

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