Pharmacology /Nursing Diabetes Complications Flashcards
When are clients considered to be prediabetic?
Clients are considered to have pre-diabetes when the glucose level is above the expected range and below levels, which indicates diabetes mellitus (impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance).
Explain how the management plan of an individual with DM is altered by acute illness and surgery.
surgery 1) Tell the client to notify their doctor when ill. 2) Monitor blood glucose every two to four hours 3) Continue to take insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents 4) Consume 8 to 12 ounces of sugar-free noncaffeinated liquid every hour to prevent dehydration. If the blood glucose is below the prescribed range drinking fluids containing sugar is acceptable.
Describe assessment findings and interventions for acute alterations in glucose metabolism, including hypoglycemia- How does the client appear?
Hypoglycemia, shakiness, mental confusion, sweating, palpitations, headache, lack of coordination, blurred vision, seizures, and coma. When glucose declines slowly, manifestations related to the central nervous system include headache, confusion, fatigue, and drowsiness. With rapid glucose decline, the sympathetic nervous system is affected as evidenced by tachycardia, diaphoresis, and nervousness.
If a diabetic patient is unconscious, what position do you place the person? What do you administer?
Lateral position to prevent aspiration-
Glucagon subcutaneously or IM and notify the provider, repeat in 10 minutes if the client is still unconscious-Glucagon or IV 50% dextrose is appropriate for clients who cannot swallow.
Describe the assessment, findings & interventions for a client with diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA)
DKA is an acute life-threatening condition as evidenced by uncontrolled hyperglycemia glucose> 300- metabolic acidosis, accumulation of ketones in the blood & urine
What are additional expected findings in a person in DKA?
Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia ( cell is starving due to the inability to receive glucose resulting in an increased appetite, Fruity breath odor, Kussmaul Respirations ( deep rapid resps in an attempt to excrete CO2 and acid in metabolic acidosis
Name a few risk factors for DKA- why does DKA occur?
Lack of sufficient insulin, reduced or missed dose of insulin, or any condition that increases carbohydrate metabolism( physical, or emotional stress)
What is the most common cause of DKA in a TYPE 1 Diabetic?
Infection is the most common cause
What is hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)
Is sustained diuresis which results in a hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, related to undiagnosed or poorly managed DM. Also, results from inadequate fluid intake or poor kidney function
What are four complications when the blood glucose levels are not consistent?
Cardiovascular and cerebral vascular disease, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy sexual dysfunction.
What is the Somogy phenomenon, also known as the Somogyl effect?
The Somogyi phenomenon, also known as the Somogyi effect or “rebound hyperglycemia,” is a pattern of blood sugar levels swinging from extremely low (hypoglycemia) to extremely high (hyperglycemia).
What is the Dawn phenomenon?
The dawn phenomenon, also known as the dawn effect, refers to an increase in blood sugar levels in the early morning hours, typically between 2 a.m. and 8 a.m. This increase in blood glucose levels happens as a natural part of your body’s preparation to wake up.
