Pharmacology Lecture 1

Question 1

how to classify drugs

Answer 1

by chemical structure
by working mechanism
or by behavioral effects

Question 2

NbN

Answer 2

neurscience based nomenclature
working mechanism based
not fully accepted in community and legislation

Question 3

disadvantage NbN

Answer 3

too new
not acknowledged by some
e. g. WHO
lack of knowledge / evidence of working mechanisms

Question 4

ATC

Answer 4

anatomical therapeutic chemical
indication based
WHO gold standard since 1976

Question 5

disadvantage ATC

Answer 5

patient adherence goes down when they are described drugs that sound like they are not for their disorder
potentially increases stigma

Question 6

anxiolytics

Answer 6

anti-anxiety medication
benzodiazepines e. g. Valium
non-benzodiazepines, e. g. Buspiron

Question 7

antipsychotics

Answer 7

conventional, e. g. Haloperidol

atypical, everything that was invented later , e. g. Risperidone

Question 8

antidepressants

Answer 8

tricyclic, e. g. Imipramine
SSRIs, e. g. Prozac
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI), e. g. Nardil

Question 9

mood stabiliser example

Answer 9

lithium

Question 10

four stages of administration

Answer 10

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

Question 11

absorption in stomach

Answer 11

acid takes away 2/3

Question 12

absorption in rectum

Answer 12

take away 1/3

Question 13

topical

Answer 13

oral muscosa
nasal mucosa
easily taken out if someone has adverse reaction

Question 14

sublingual

Answer 14

under tongue

Question 15

buccal

Answer 15

between check and teeth

useful when someone is unconscious

Question 16

albumin

Answer 16

in the blood

Question 17

ways of distribution

Answer 17

extracellular: in blood plasma
intracellular: in water of body cells

Question 18

speed of distribution

Answer 18

depends on lipid solubility
higher the faster
how fast it diffuses through membranes

Question 19

pharmacokinetics

Answer 19

movement of the drug through the body

Question 20

blood circulation

Answer 20

takes about one min for a full cycle

there is an upper and lower body blood circuit

Question 21

pharmacodynamics

Answer 21

how the body responds to a drug

Question 22

concentration ranges

Answer 22

sub therapeutic range
therapeutic range
toxic range

Question 23

half-lives

Answer 23

distribution half-life: 100 to 50%
elimination half-life: 50-0%
after six elimination half lives 98% are excreted

Question 24

axodendritic

Answer 24

most common messaging

Question 25

pyramidal cells

Answer 25

stimulate other cells | in PFC, hippocampus and entorinal cortex

Question 26

chandelier neurons

Answer 26

axo-axonic communication affect sensitivity of other neurons usually inhibit pyramidal cells in cortex

Question 27

spiny cells

Answer 27

long axons mainly in striatum affected by Huntington's

Question 28

Purkinje cells

Answer 28

``` shaped like a tree one axon, lots of dendrites in cerebellum affected by alcohol and Parkinson's can be regenerated after alcohol damage ```

Question 29

interneurons

Answer 29

in brain and spinal cord relay signals form local short circuitries short axons

Question 30

basket cells

Answer 30

widely branching dendrites almost always inhibitory in cortex

Question 31

double bouquet cells

Answer 31

inhibitory interneurons dendrites shaped like two bouquets in the cortex

Question 32

electrical encoding

Answer 32

only within the neuron

Question 33

chemical encoding

Answer 33

between neurons

Question 34

rough endoplasmatic reticulum

Answer 34

towards nucleus | studded with ribosomes

Question 35

smooth endoplasmatic reticulum

Answer 35

towards membrane no ribosomes attaches produce steroid hormones and detoxify cells

Question 36

slow transportation

Answer 36

2mm a day | proteins move to axon

Question 37

fast transportation

Answer 37

200mm a day | through vesicles

Question 38

anterograde

Answer 38

usual direction | soma to axons and dendrites

Question 39

retrograde

Answer 39

used to recycle proteins, growth factors and viruses

Question 40

neurons before birth

Answer 40

neuronal migration neuronal selection does not happen afterwards anymore

Question 41

neurons after birth

Answer 41

neurogenesis synaptogenesis differentiation and myelination competitive elimination

Question 42

ways of neurons to die

Answer 42

``` apopostosis = neuronal suicide, 90% occurs before birth necrosis = inflammatory response, neuronal degradation ```