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Pharmacology Git Flashcards

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1
Q

Name examples of H2-receptor antagonists.

A

Cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, roxatidine.

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2
Q

What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of H2-receptor antagonists?

A

Reversible competitive inhibitors of H2-receptors, reducing cAMP and HCL secretion.

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3
Q

What are the side effects of H2-receptor antagonists?

A

Diarrhea, constipation, headache, dizziness, gynecomastia (cimetidine).

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4
Q

What are the drug-drug interactions of cimetidine?

A

Inhibits cytochrome P450, slowing metabolism of drugs like warfarin, diazepam, phenytoin.

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5
Q

Name examples of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).

A

Omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole.

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6
Q

What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of PPIs?

A

Pro-drugs activated in parietal cells; inhibit proton pumps irreversibly to reduce HCL secretion.

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7
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of PPIs?

A

Treatment of peptic ulcers, GERD, and as part of H. pylori eradication therapy.

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8
Q

What are the side effects of proton pump inhibitors?

A

Nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, vitamin B12 deficiency with prolonged therapy.

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9
Q

Name examples of muscarinic antagonists used in GIT disorders.

A

Pirenzepine, telenzepine.

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10
Q

What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of muscarinic antagonists?

A

Selective M1-receptor blockers; reduce HCL secretion and act as antispasmodics at high doses.

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11
Q

What are the side effects of muscarinic antagonists?

A

Dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation.

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12
Q

What are the contraindications of muscarinic antagonists?

A

Glaucoma, urinary retention.

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13
Q

What are examples of mucosal protective agents?

A

Misoprostol, sucralfate, bismuth subsalicylate, carbenoxolone.

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of action of misoprostol?

A

Prostaglandin E1 analog; stimulates secretion of mucin and bicarbonate ions, inhibits adenylyl cyclase.

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15
Q

What are the side effects of misoprostol?

A

Diarrhea, abdominal pain, abortion (increased uterine contractility).

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16
Q

What is sucralfate’s mechanism of action?

A

Polymerizes in acidic pH to form a viscous gel that adheres to ulcers and stimulates PG production.

17
Q

What are the side effects of sucralfate?

A

Dry mouth, constipation.

18
Q

What are examples of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists?

A

Ondansetron, dolasetron, granisetron.

19
Q

What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists?

A

Antagonize 5-HT3 receptors, suppressing nausea and vomiting.

20
Q

What are examples of dopamine receptor antagonists used as antiemetics?

A

Prochlorperazine, chlorpromazine, metoclopramide.

21
Q

What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of metoclopramide?

A

Antagonizes D2 and 5-HT3 receptors; has antiemetic and prokinetic effects.

22
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of metoclopramide?

A

Used for nausea, vomiting, and hypomotility disorders.

23
Q

What are the side effects of metoclopramide?

A

Parkinson-like symptoms, hyperprolactinemia, sedation.

24
Q

What are the classifications of laxatives?

A

Bulk-forming, osmotic, stimulant, stool softeners, coating agents.

25
Q

What are examples of bulk-forming laxatives?

A

Psyllium, methylcellulose, pectin, wheat bran.

26
Q

What is the mechanism of bulk-forming laxatives?

A

Absorb water in the intestine, swell, stimulate bowel reflex, and increase motility.

27
Q

What are examples of osmotic laxatives?

A

Magnesium salts, sodium phosphates, glycerin, lactulose.

28
Q

What is lactulose used for besides constipation?

A

Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy by reducing ammonia absorption.

29
Q

What are the side effects of osmotic laxatives?

A

Flatulence, abdominal cramps, hypermagnesemia in renal impairment.

30
Q

What are examples of drugs used for IBD treatment?

A

Sulfasalazine, glucocorticoids, antibiotics, immunosuppressive agents, immunomodulators.

31
Q

What is the mechanism of action of sulfasalazine?

A

Suppresses pro-inflammatory mediators like IL-1 and TNF-α; used in ulcerative colitis.

32
Q

What are the side effects of sulfasalazine?

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

33
Q

What is infliximab’s mechanism of action?

A

Antibody to TNF-α, a principal mediator of Crohn’s disease.

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