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Question 1

Name the regulators of gastric acid secretion in parietal cells.

Answer 1

Acetylcholine, histamine, and gastrin.

Question 2

What are the causes of imbalance between mucosal defense and gastric acid secretion?

Answer 2

Chronic NSAID use, H. pylori infection, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, stress.

Question 3

What is the mechanism of H2-receptor antagonists?

Answer 3

Reversible competitive inhibitors of H2-receptors, reducing cAMP and HCL secretion.

Question 4

What are examples of H2-receptor antagonists?

Answer 4

Cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, roxatidine.

Question 5

What are the side effects of cimetidine?

Answer 5

Gynecomastia, decreased sperm count, impotence in men; galactorrhea in women; CNS effects like dizziness and headache.

Question 6

What are examples of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?

Answer 6

Omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole.

Question 7

What is the mechanism of action of PPIs?

Answer 7

They inhibit proton pumps in parietal cells, reducing HCL secretion; omeprazole and pantoprazole are irreversible inhibitors.

Question 8

What are examples of mucosal protective agents?

Answer 8

Misoprostol, sucralfate, bismuth subsalicylate, carbenoxolone.

Question 9

What is the therapeutic use of misoprostol?

Answer 9

Prophylaxis against NSAID-induced peptic ulcers.

Question 10

What are the contraindications of misoprostol?

Answer 10

Pregnancy and inflammatory bowel diseases.

Question 11

What is the mechanism of action of sucralfate?

Answer 11

Forms a viscous gel in acidic pH that adheres to ulcers and stimulates prostaglandin production.

Question 12

What are the side effects of bismuth subsalicylate?

Answer 12

Black tongue, black stool, teeth discoloration, encephalopathy, and neurotoxicity in renal patients.

Question 13

What are examples of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists?

Answer 13

Ondansetron, dolasetron, granisetron.

Question 14

What is the therapeutic use of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists?

Answer 14

Treat nausea and vomiting, especially chemotherapy-induced.

Question 15

What are examples of dopamine receptor antagonists used as antiemetics?

Answer 15

Prochlorperazine, chlorpromazine, metoclopramide.

Question 16

What is the mechanism of action of metoclopramide?

Answer 16

Antagonizes D2 and 5-HT3 receptors; has prokinetic and antiemetic effects.

Question 17

What are examples of antihistamines used as antiemetics?

Answer 17

Cyclizine, promethazine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine.

Question 18

Which antiemetic drug is contraindicated in persons with a history of drug abuse?

Answer 18

Dronabinol (a cannabinoid).

Question 19

What are examples of neurokinin receptor antagonists?

Answer 19

Aprepitant.

Question 20

What are the classifications of laxatives?

Answer 20

Bulk-forming, osmotic, stimulant (irritant), stool softeners, coating agents.

Question 21

What is the mechanism of bulk-forming laxatives?

Answer 21

Absorb water in the intestine, swell to increase bulk, stimulate bowel reflex, and increase motility.

Question 22

What are examples of stimulant (irritant) laxatives?

Answer 22

Bisacodyl, senna, cascara, castor oil.

Question 23

Which laxative is contraindicated in pregnancy and why?

Answer 23

Castor oil; it can cause uterine contractions and lead to abortion.

Question 24

What are examples of prokinetic drugs?

Answer 24

Domperidone, metoclopramide.

Question 25

What are the side effects of metoclopramide?

Answer 25

Parkinson-like symptoms, hyperprolactinemia, sedation.

Question 26

What are examples of drugs used for IBD treatment?

Answer 26

Sulfasalazine, glucocorticoids, antibiotics (metronidazole, ciprofloxacin), immunosuppressants (azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclosporine), immunomodulators (infliximab).

Question 27

What is the mechanism of sulfasalazine?

Answer 27

Suppresses pro-inflammatory mediators like IL-1 and TNF-α; used for ulcerative colitis.

Question 28

What are the side effects of infliximab?

Answer 28

Respiratory infections, hypotension, allergies.