Part 3

Question 1

What are the common gastrointestinal disorders?

Answer 1

Peptic ulcer, nausea and vomiting, constipation, hypomotility disorders, inflammatory bowel diseases.

Question 2

Define peptic ulcer.

Answer 2

It is a damage in gastric mucosa due to an imbalance between mucosal defense and gastric acid secretion.

Question 3

What causes a peptic ulcer?

Answer 3

Imbalance between mucosal defense and gastric acid secretion.

Question 4

Name the regulators of gastric acid secretion.

Answer 4

Acetylcholine, histamine, gastrin.

Question 5

What is the function of prostaglandins in gastric mucosa?

Answer 5

Inhibit HCL secretion and stimulate secretion of bicarbonate ions.

Question 6

Name three causes of decreased mucosal defense in peptic ulcers.

Answer 6

Chronic NSAID use, chronic H. pylori infection, stress.

Question 7

What condition causes increased gastric acid secretion (HCL)?

Answer 7

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Question 8

List risk factors for peptic ulcer.

Answer 8

Male gender, O blood group, smoking.

Question 9

What are the clinical features of a peptic ulcer?

Answer 9

Recurrent abdominal pain, vomiting, loss of appetite, heartburn.

Question 10

What are the two types of peptic ulcers?

Answer 10

Gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer.

Question 11

Name complications of peptic ulcers.

Answer 11

Hemorrhage, perforation, obstruction, malignant transformation.

Question 12

What are the treatment strategies for peptic ulcers?

Answer 12

Acid suppressive therapy, mucosal protective therapy, antacids, H. pylori therapy.

Question 13

Examples of H2-receptor antagonists.

Answer 13

Cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine.

Question 14

Examples of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).

Answer 14

Omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole.

Question 15

What is the mechanism of action of PPIs?

Answer 15

Inhibit proton pumps in parietal cells to reduce HCL secretion.

Question 16

Name a prostaglandin analog used in peptic ulcer.

Answer 16

Misoprostol.

Question 17

What combination is used for H. pylori therapy?

Answer 17

Two antibiotics and an acid-suppressive drug.

Question 18

What are the two types of antacids?

Answer 18

Systemic and non-systemic antacids.

Question 19

What is the primary therapeutic use of antacids?

Answer 19

Symptomatic relief of pain and discomfort, not for healing the ulcer.

Question 20

Define nausea and vomiting.

Answer 20

Protective reflexes that rid the stomach and intestines of harmful content.

Question 21

What is the mechanism of vomiting classified by?

Answer 21

Based on the cause and pathways.

Question 22

Name drug classes used as antiemetics.

Answer 22

5-HT3 receptor antagonists, dopamine receptor antagonists, antihistamines, anticholinergics.

Question 23

Example of a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist.

Answer 23

Ondansetron.

Question 24

Example of a dopamine receptor antagonist.

Answer 24

Prochlorperazine.

Question 25

What antihistamine is safest in pregnancy?

Answer 25

Doxylamine.

Question 26

Define constipation.

Answer 26

Passage of hard feces less than 3 times a week.

Question 27

Name types of constipation.

Answer 27

Acute and chronic.

Question 28

Name non-pharmacological measures for constipation.

Answer 28

Fiber-rich diet, increased fluid intake, exercise.

Question 29

Name types of laxatives.

Answer 29

Bulk-forming, osmotic, stimulant, stool softeners.

Question 30

Name the two inflammatory bowel diseases.

Answer 30

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.

Question 31

Name drugs used in IBD treatment.

Answer 31

Sulfasalazine, glucocorticoids, antibiotics.

Question 32

What is the mechanism of infliximab?

Answer 32

Antibody to TNF-α, a key mediator in Crohn’s disease.