GIT 2

Question 1

Name the common gastrointestinal disorders.

Answer 1

Peptic ulcer, nausea and vomiting, constipation, hypomotility disorders, inflammatory bowel diseases.

Question 2

What are the regulators of gastric acid secretion?

Answer 2

Acetylcholine, histamine, gastrin.

Question 3

What is the definition of a peptic ulcer?

Answer 3

It is a damage in gastric mucosa due to an imbalance between mucosal defense and gastric acid secretion.

Question 4

What are the causes of peptic ulcers?

Answer 4

Imbalance between mucosal defense and gastric acid secretion.

Question 5

Name the causes of imbalance between mucosal defense and gastric acid secretion.

Answer 5

Chronic NSAID use, chronic H. pylori infection, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, stress.

Question 6

What are the risk factors for peptic ulcers?

Answer 6

Male gender, O blood group, smoking.

Question 7

What are the clinical features of a peptic ulcer?

Answer 7

Recurrent abdominal pain, vomiting, loss of appetite, heartburn.

Question 8

What are the two classifications of peptic ulcers?

Answer 8

Gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer.

Question 9

What are the complications of peptic ulcers?

Answer 9

Hemorrhage, infection, narrowing and obstruction, perforation, malignant transformation.

Question 10

What are the treatment strategies for peptic ulcers?

Answer 10

Acid suppressive therapy, mucosal protective therapy, antacids, H. pylori therapy, sedatives.

Question 11

Name the types of acid suppressive therapy.

Answer 11

H2-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, muscarinic antagonists.

Question 12

Name examples of H2-receptor antagonists.

Answer 12

Cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, roxatidine.

Question 13

What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of H2-receptor antagonists?

Answer 13

Reversible competitive inhibitors of H2-receptors, reducing cAMP and HCL secretion.

Question 14

What are the side effects of H2-receptor antagonists?

Answer 14

Diarrhea, constipation, headache, dizziness, gynecomastia (cimetidine).

Question 15

Name examples of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).

Answer 15

Omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole.

Question 16

What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism of PPIs?

Answer 16

Inhibit proton pumps in parietal cells, reducing HCL secretion.

Question 17

What are the side effects of proton pump inhibitors?

Answer 17

Nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, vitamin B12 deficiency with prolonged therapy.

Question 18

Name types of mucosal protective therapy.

Answer 18

Prostaglandin analogs (misoprostol), sucralfate, bismuth subsalicylate, carbenoxolone.

Question 19

What are the pharmacodynamics of misoprostol?

Answer 19

Prostaglandin E1 analog; stimulates mucin and bicarbonate secretion, inhibits adenylyl cyclase to reduce cAMP.

Question 20

What are the side effects of misoprostol?

Answer 20

Diarrhea, abdominal pain, abortion (increased uterine contractility).

Question 21

What is the combination therapy for H. pylori?

Answer 21

Two antibiotics and an acid-suppressive drug.

Question 22

What is the definition of nausea and vomiting?

Answer 22

Protective reflexes that rid the stomach and intestine of harmful content.

Question 23

Name drug classes used to treat nausea and vomiting.

Answer 23

5-HT3 receptor antagonists, dopamine receptor antagonists, antihistamines, anticholinergics.

Question 24

What are the classifications of laxatives?

Answer 24

Bulk-forming, osmotic, stimulant, stool softeners, coating agents.