Pharmacology - First Aid Flashcards
1
Q
Km is inversely related to…
A
the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate.
2
Q
Vmax is directly proportional to…
A
the enzyme concentration.
3
Q
Most enzymatic reactions follow…
A
a hyperbolic curve (follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics); however, enzymatic reactions that exhibit a sigmoid curve usually indicate cooperative kinetics (ex. hemoglobin).
4
Q
On a Lineweaver-Burk plot, increased y-intercept means…
A
decreased Vmax.
5
Q
On a Lineweaver-Burk plot, the further to the right the x-intercept…
A
the greater the Km and the lower the affinity.
6
Q
Slope of a Lineweaver Burk-plot =
A
Km/Vmax
7
Q
x-intercept of Lineweaver-Burk plot =
A
1/-Km
8
Q
y-intercept of Lineweaver-Burk plot =
A
1/Vmax
9
Q
On a Lineweaver-Burk plot, competitive inhibitors…
A
cross each other competitively, whereas noncompetitive inhibitors do not.
10
Q
Inhibitors that resemble substrate
A
Competitive (both reversible and irreversible)
11
Q
Inhibitor that is overcome by increased substrate
A
reversible, competitive inhibitors
12
Q
Competitors that bind the active site
A
competitive, both reversible and irreversible
13
Q
Effect of competitors on Vmax
A
Competitive reversible: unchanged Competitive irreversible: decreased Noncompetitive: decreased
14
Q
Effect of competitiors on Km
A
Competitive reversible: increased Competitive irreversible: unchanged Noncompetitive: unchanged
15
Q
Pharmacodynamics of competitors
A
Competitive reversible: decreased potency Competitive irreversible: decreased efficacy Noncompetitive: decreased efficacy
16
Q
Pharmacokinetics
A
the effects of the body on the drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)
17
Q
Pharmacodynamics
A
the effects of the drug on the body (receptor binding, drug efficacy/potency, toxicity)
18
Q
Bioavailability (F) is the…
A
fraction of administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged.
19
Q
For an IV dose, F =
A
100%. Orally, F typically is <100% due to incomplete absorption and first-pass metabolism.
20
Q
The volume of distribution (Vd) is the…
A
theoretical volume occupied by teh total absorbed drug amount at the plasma concentration.
21
Q
The apparent volume of distribution of plasma protein boudn drugs can be altered by…
A
liver and kidney disease becasue decreased protein binding will increase Vd.
22
Q
Vd =
A
(amount of drug in the body)/(plasma drug concentration)
23
Q
Vd is usually low if the drug is in the…
A
blood. Drug types include large, charged molecules that are plasma protein bound.
24
Q
Vd is medium if the drug is in the…
A
ECF. Drug types include small hydrophilic molecules.
25
Vd is large if the drug is in...
all tissues including fat. Drug types include small lipophilic molecules, especially if bound to tissue protein.
26
Half-life (t1/2) is the...
time required to change the amoun tof drug in the body by 1/2 during elimination (or constant infusion).
27
To reach steady state, a drug infused at a constant rate takes...
4-5 half lives.
28
t1/2 =
(.693 x Vd)/CL
29
Clearance (CL) is the...
volume of plasma cleared of drug per unit time. It may be impaired by defects in cardiac, hepatic or renal function.
30
CL =
(rate of elimination of drug)/(plasma drug concentration) = Vd x Ke
31
Loading dose =
(Cp x Vd)/F
32
Maintenance dose =
(Cp x CL x tau)/F
33
In renal or liver disease, maintenance dose...
decreases and loading dose is usually unchanged.
34
Time to steady state primarily depends on...
t1/2 and is independent of dose and dosing frequency.
35
Zero order elimination is when...
the rate of elimination is constant regardless of Cp. (capacity-limited elimination) (it is a constant AMOUNT of drug eliminated per unit time)
36
In zero order elimination, with time, Cp decreases...
linearly.
37
Examples of drugs with zero order elimination
Phenytoin Ethanol Aspirin
38
First order elimination is...
when the rate of elimination is directly proportional to the drug concentration. (flow-dependent elimination) (a constant FRACTION of drug is eliminated per unit time)
39
In first order elimination, with time, Cp decreases...
exponentially.
40
Ionized drug species are...
trapped in the urine and cleared quickly. Netural forms can be reabsorbed.
41
Examples of weak acids
Phenobarbital, Methotrexate, aspirin (overdose should be treated with bicarbonate)
42
Weak acids become..
trapped in basic environments.
43
Example of weak base
Amphetamines (overdose should be treated with ammonium chloride)
44
Weak bases become...
trapped in acidic environments.
45
Phase I of drug metabolism includes...
reduction, oxidations, hydrolysis with cytochrome P-450 usually yields slightly plar, water-soluble metabolites (often still active).
46
Geriatric patients lose...
phase I first.
47
Phase II of drug metabolism includes...
conjugation (glucuronidation, acetylation, and sulfation) which usually yields very polar, inactive metabolites that are renally excreted.
48
Patients who are slow acetylators have...
greater side effects from certain drugs due to decreased rate of metabolism.
49
Efficacy is the..
maximal effect a drug can produce.
50
High-efficacy drug classes are...
analgesics, antibiotics, antihistamines and decongestants.
51
Potency is the...
amount of drug needed for a given effect. Increased potency has increased affinity for receptors.
52
High potency drug classes include...
chemo, antihypertensives, and lipid-lowering drugs.
53
Therapeutic index is a measure of...
drug safety. Safer drugs have higher TI values.
54
Examples of drugs with lower TI values include...
digoxin, lithium, theophylline and warfarin.
55
TI =
(TD50)/(ED50) = (median toxic dose)/(median effective dose)
56
The therapeutic window is the...
measure of clinical drug effectivenes for a pt.
57
The adrenal medulla and sweat glands are part of...
the sympathetic nervous system but are innervated by cholinergic fibers.
58
Botulinum toxin prevents release of...
NT at all cholinergic terminals.
59
Nicotinic ACh receptors are...
ligand gated Na+/K+ channels.
60
Subtypes of nicotinic receptors are...
N(N) - found in autonomic ganglia N(M) - found in NMJ
61
Muscarinic ACh receptors are...
G-protein coupled receptors that usually act through 2nd messengers. 5 subtypes (M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5).
62
alpha1 receptor G-protein class
q
63
alpha2 receptor G-protein class
i
64
beta1 and beta2 receptor G-protein class
s
65
alpha1 receptor major functions (3)
1. increase vascular smooth muscle contraction 2. increase pupillary dilator muscle contraction 9mydriasis) 3. increase intestinal and bladder sphincter muscle contraction
66
alpha2 receptor major functions (4)
1. decrease sympathetic outflow 2. decrease insulin release 3. decrease lipolysis 4. increase platelet aggregation
67
beta1 receptor major functions (4)
1. increase hr 2. increase contractility 3. increase renin release 4. increase lipolysis
68
beta2 receptor major functions (9)
1. vasodilation 2. bronchodilation 3. increase hr 4. increase contractility 5. increase lipolysis 6. increase insulin release 7. decrese uterine tone 8. ciliary muscle relaxation 9. increase aqueous humor production
69
Sympathetic receptors
alpha1 alpha2 beta1 beta2
70
Parasympathetic receptors
M1 M2 M3
71
M1 and M3 G-protein class
q
72
M2 G-protein class
i
73
M1 receptor major functions
CNS, enteric nervous system
74
M2 receptor major functions
decrease hr and contractility of atria
75
M3 receptor major functions (6)
1. increase exocrine gland secretions 2. increase gut peristalsis 3. increase bladder contraction 4. bronchoconstriction 5. increase pupillary sphincter muscle contraction (miosis) 6. ciliary muscle contraction (accommodation)
76
D1 receptor G-protein class
s
77
D2 receptor G-protein class
i
78
D1 receptor major function
relaxes renal vascular smooth muscle
79
D2 receptor major function
modulates transmitter releases, especially in the brain
80
H1 receptor G-protein class
q
81
H2 receptor G-protein class
s
82
H1 receptor major functions (5)
1. increased nasal and bronchial mucus production 2. increased vascular permeability 3. contraction of bronchiles 4. pruritis 5. pain
83
H2 receptor major functions
increase gastric acid secretion
84
V1 (vasopressin) G-protein class
q
85
V2 (Vasopressin) G-protein class
s
86
V1 receptor major function
increase vascular smooth muscle contraction
87
V2 receptor major function
increase H2O permeability and reabsorption in the collecting tubules of the kidney
88
Gq proteins interact with...
phospholipase C
89
Gs and Gi interact with..
adenylyl cyclase
90
Release of NE from a sympathetic nerve ending is modulated by...
NE itself, acting on presynaptic alpha2 autoreceptors, AngII and other substances.
91
Direct ACh agonists (4)
1. Bethanechol 2. Carbachol 3. Pilocarpine 4. Methacholine
92
Bethanechol action
activate bowel and bladder smooth muscle; resistant to AChE
93
Use of Bethanechol
postoperative ileus, neurogenic ileus and urinary retention
94
Carbachol action
carbon copy of acetylcholine
95
Use of Carbachol
-glaucoma -pupillary constriction -relief of intraocular pressure
96
Pilocarpine action
contracts ciliary muscle of eye, pupillary sphincter; resistant to AChE
97
Use of Pilocarpine
-potent stimulator of tears, sweat and saliva -open and closed angle glaucoma
98
Methacholine Action
stimulates muscarinic receptors in the airway when inhaled
99
Methacholine use
challenge test for asthma diagnosis
100
Indirect agonists of ACh (anticholinesterases) (5ish)
1. Neostigmine 2. Pyridostigmine 3. Physostigmine 4. Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine 5. Edrophonium (they all increase endogenous ACh)
101
Use of Neostigmine
-postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention, myasthenia gravis, reversal of NMJ blockade
102
Use of Pyridostigmine
myasthenia gravis (long acting) (does not penetrate CNS)
103
Use of Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine
Alzheimer's
104
Use of Edrophonium
Dx of myastenia gravis (historically) \*Myasthenia gravis now diagnosed by anti-AChR Ab
105
With all cholinomimetic agents, watch for..
exacerbation of COPD, asthma, and peptic ulcers.
106
Cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning is often due to..
organophosphates such as parathion that irreversibly inhibit AChE. Organophosphates are components of incesticides so this poisoning is usually seen in farmers.
107
Cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning causes...
diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchospasm, bradycardia, excitation of skeletal muscle and CNS, lacrimation, sweating and salivation.
108
Antidote for cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning
atropine (competitive inhibitor) + pralidoxime (regenerates AChE)
109
Atropine, homatropine and tropicamide are...
muscarinic antagonists that work on the eye to produce mydriasis and cycloplegia.
110
Benztropine is a...
muscarinic antagonist that works on the CNS for parkinson disease.
111
Scopolamine is a...
muscarinic antagonist that works on the CNS for motion sickness.
112
Ipratropium and tiotropium are...
muscarinic antagonists that work on the respiratory system for COPD and asthma.
113
Oxybutynin, darifenacin adn solifenacin are...
muscarinic antagonists that work on the GU system to reduce urgency in mild cystitis and reduce bladder spasms. Also: tolterodine, fesoterdine, trospium
114
Glycopyrrolate is a...
muscarinic antagonist that works on the GI and respiratory systems to reduce airway secretions, drooling and peptic ulcers.
115
Atropine treats...
bradycardia and ophthalmic problems.
116
Atropine actions (5)
1. increase pupil dilation and cycloplegia 2. decreases airway secretions 3. decreses stomach acid secretions 4. decreases gut motility 5. decreses urgency in cystitis
117
Atropine toxicity
increased body temp, rapid pulse, dry mouth and skin, cycloplegia, constipation, disorientation
118
Atropine toxicity can cause...
acute angle-closure glaucoma in the elderly, urinary retention in men with prostatic hyperplasia and hyperthermia in infants.
119
Epinephrine works on...
mainly beta receptors to treat anapylaxis, open angle glaucoma, astham, hypotention. (the alpha effects predominate at high doses)
120
Norepinephrine works mainly on...
alpha1 receptor to treat hypotension (but it decreases renal perfusion).
121
Isoproterenol works on..
beta 1 and beta 2 equally for electrophysiologic evaluationof tachyarrhythmias. It can worsen ischemia.
122
Dopamine treats...
unstable bradycardia, heart failure, shock (it has inotropic and chronotropic alpha effects at very high doses)
123
Dobutamine works on...
beta 1 and alpha receptors to treat heart failure and for cardiac stress testing.
124
Phenlyephrine works on..
alpha1 receptors mainly to treat hypotension, for ocular procedures (mydriatic) and rhinitis.
125
Albuterol, Salmeterol and Terbutaline work on...
beta2 more than beta1.
126
Amphetamine is an...
indirect general sympathomimetic agonist, reuptake inhibitor and also releases stored catecholamines.
127
Amphetamine is used to...
treat narcolepsy, obesity, ADHD.
128
Ephedrine is an..
indirect general sympathomimetic agonist that als releases stored catecholamines.
129
Ephedrine is used for...
nasal decongestion, urinary incontinence, and hypotension.
130
Cocaine is an...
indirect general sympathomimetic agonist and reuptake inhibitors.
131
Cocaine causes...
vasoconstriction and local anesthesia.
132
Never give beta-blockers if cocaine intoxication is suggested because....
it can lead to unopposed alpha1 activation and extreme HTN.
133
NE causes an increase in...
systolic and diastolic pressures as a result of alpha1-mediated vasoconstriction. This leads to increased mean arterial pressure which leads to bradycardia.
134
Isoproterenol has little alpha effect but causes...
Beta2 mediated vasodilation resulting in decreased mean arterial pressure adn increased HR through beta1 and reflex activity.
135
Clonidine is an...
alpha2-agonist (a sympatholytic).
136
Clonidine is used for...
hypertensive urgency (does not decrease renal blood flow); ADHD; severe pain
137
Clonidine toxicity
CNS depression bradycardia hypotension respiratory depression small pupil size
138
alpha-methyldopa is an...
alpha2-agonist (a sympatholytic).
139
Alpha-methyldopa is used for...
HTN in pregnancy.
140
Toxicity of alpha-methyldopa
direct coombs + hemolytic anemia SLE-like syndrome
141
Phenoxybenzamine is an...
irreversible alpha blocker (nonselective).
142
Phenoxybenzamine is used to treat...
pheochromocytoma to prevent catecholamine crisis.
143
Toxicity of Phenoxybenzamine
orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia
144
Phentolamine is a...
reversible alpha-blocker (nonselective).
145
Phentolamine is given to pts on...
MAO inhibitors who eat tyramine containing foods.
146
alpha1-selective blockers (4)
1. Prazosin 2. Terazosin 3. Doxazosin 4. Tamsulosin
147
Use of Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, and Tamsulosin
urinary symptoms of BPH PTSD (prazosin) HTN (except tamsulosin)
148
Toxicity of Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, and Tamsulosin
orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, HA
149
Mirtazapine is an...
alpha2 sective blocker used for depression.
150
Beta-blockers (10)
1. Metoprolol 2. Acebutolol 3. Betaxolol 4. Carvedilol 5. Esmolol 6. Atenolol 7. Nadolol 8. Timolol 9. Pindolol 10. Labetolol
151
Beta-blocker indications (6)
1. angina 2. MI 3. SVT 4. HTN 5. CHF 6. Glaucoma
152
Beta-blockers are used for angina because...
they decrease HR and contractility resulting in decreased O2 consumption.
153
Beta-blockers are used for MI because they...
decrease mortality. (Metoprolol, Carvedilol and Bisoprolol)
154
Beta-blockers are used for SVT because they...
decrease AV conduction velocity. (Metoprolol and Esmolol)
155
Beta-blockers are used for HTN bc they...
decrease CO, decrease renin secretion (due to beta1 blockade on JGA cells)
156
Beta-blockers are used for CHF because they...
slow the progression of chronic failure.
157
Beta-blockers are used for glaucoma because they...
decrease secretion of aqueous humor. (timolol)
158
Toxicity of Beta-blockers includes...
impotence CV adverse effects CNS adverse effects dyslipidemia (metoprolol) exacerbation of asthma/COPD
159
Beta1-selective antagonists (5)
1. Acebutolol (partial agonist) 2. Atenolol 3. Betaxolol 4. Esmolol 5. Metoprolol
160
Nonselective beta antagonists
1. Nadolol 2. Pindolol (partial agonist) 3. Propranolol 4. Timolol
161
Nonselective alpha and beta antagonists
Carvedilol and Labetalol
162
Nebivolol combines...
cardiac selective beta1-adrenergic blockade with stimulation of beta3 receptors, which activate NO synthase in the vasculature.
163
Acetaminophen antidote
N-acetylcysteine (replenishes glutathione)
164
AChE inhibitors, organophosphates antidote
Atropine followed by Pralidoxime
165
Amphetamines antidote
NH4Cl (acidifies urine)
166
Antimuscarinic, anticholinergic agent antidotes
Physostigmine salicylate, control hyperthermia
167
Benzodiazepines antidote
Flumazenil
168
Beta-blockers antidote
glucagon
169
CO antidote
100% O2, hyperbaric O2
170
Copper, arsenic, gold (antidote)
penicillamine
171
Cyanide antidote
nitrite + thiosulfate + hydroxocobalamin
172
Digitalis antidote
Anti-dig Fab fragments
173
Heparin antidote
Protamine sulfate
174
Iron antidote
Deferoxamine, deferasirox
175
Lead antidote
EDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamine
176
Mercury, arsenic, gold antidote
dimercaprol, succimer
177
Methanol, polyethylene glycol (antifreeze) antidote
fomepizole, dialysis
178
Methemoglobin antidote
Methylene blue, vitamin C
179
Opioid antidote
naloxone
180
Salicylates antidote
NaHCO3 (alkalinize urine), dialysis
181
TCAs antidote
NaHCO3 (plasma alkalinization)
182
tPA, streptokinase, urokinase antidote
aminocaproic acid
183
Warfarin antidote
vitamin K, plasma
184
Coronary vasospasm can be caused by...
cocaine, sumatriptan and ergot alkaloids
185
Cutaneous flushing can be caused by...
vancomycin, adenosine, niacin, and calcium channel blockers
186
Dilated cardiomyopathy can be caused by...
doxorubicin and danorubicin
187
Torsades de pointes can be caused by
class III (sotalol) and class IA (quinidine) antiarrhythmics, macrolides, antipsychotics and TCAs
188
Adrenocortical insufficiency is caused by...
HPA suppression secondary to glucocorticoid withdrawal.
189
Hot flashes can be caused by...
tamoxifen and clomiphene.
190
Hyperglycemia can be caused by..
tacrolimus, protease inhibitors, niacin, HCTZ, beta-blockers and corticosteroids.
191
Hypothyroidism can be caused by...
lithium, amiodarone, and sulfonamides.
192
Acute cholestatic hepatitis and jaundice can be caused by...
erythromycin.
193
Diarrhea can be caused by...
Metformin, Erythromycin, Colchicine, Orlistat and Acarbose.
194
Focal to massive hepatic necrosis can be caused by...
halothane, amanita phalloides, valproic acid, and acetaminophen.
195
Pancreatitis can be caused by...
didanosine, corticosteroids, alcohol, valproic acid, azathioprine, and diuretics
196
Pseudomembranous colitis can be caused by...
clindamycin, ampicillin and cephalosporins
197
Agranulocytosis can be caused by...
dapsone, clozapine, carbamazepine, colchicine, methimazole, NSAIDs, and PTU
198
Aplastic anemia can be caused by...
carbamazepine, methimazole, NSAIDs, benzene, chloramphenicol and PTU
199
Direct Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia can be caused by...
methyldopa and penicillin
200
Gray baby syndrome can be caused by...
chloramphenicol.
201
Hemolysis in G6PD deficiency can be caused by...
INH, Sulfonamides, Dapsone, Primaquine, Aspirin, Ibuprofen and Nitrofurantoin.
202
Megaloblastic anemia can be caused by...
phenytoin, methotrexate and sulfa drugs.
203
Thrombocytopenia can be caused by...
heparin and cimetidine.
204
Fat redistribution is caused by...
protease inhibitors and glucocorticoids.
205
Gingival hyperplasia is caused by...
phenytoin, verapamil, cyclosporine and nifedipine.
206
Hyperuricemia (gout) can be caused by...
pyrazinamide, thiazides, furosemide, niacin and cyclosporine.
207
Myopathy can be caused by...
fibrates, niacin, cochicine, hydroxychloroquine, IFN-alpha, penicillamine, statins, and glucocorticoids.
208
Osteoporosis can be caused by..
corticosteroids and heparin.
209
Photosensitivity can be caused by...
sulfonamides, amiodarone, tetracyclines, and 5-FU.
210
Rash (Stevens-Johnson syndrome) is caused by...
Anti-epileptic drugs (ethosuxamide, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, phenobarbital), Allopurinol, sulfa drugs and penicillin.
211
SLE-like syndrome is caused by...
sulfa drugs, hydralzine, INH, procainamide, phenytoin and etanercept.
212
Tendonitis, tendon rupture and cartilage damage is caused by...
fluoroquinolones.
213
Cinchonism is caused by...
quinidine and quinine.
214
Parkinson-like syndrome is caused by...
antipsychotics (esp. typicals), Reserpine and Metoclopramide.
215
Seizures are caused by...
INH (B6 deficiency), Bupropion, Imipenem/Cilastatin, Tramadol, Enflurane and Metoclopromide.
216
Tardive dyskinease is caused by...
Antipsychotics (esp. typicals) and Metoclopramide.
217
Diabetes insipidus can be caused by...
lithium and demeclocycline.
218
Fanconi syndrome can be caused by...
expired tetracylcine.
219
Hemorrhagic cystitis can be caused by...
cyclophosphamide and Ifosfamide. This side effect can be prevented by co-administering with Mesna.
220
Interstitial nephritis can be casued by...
methicillin, NSAIDs, and furosemide.
221
SIADH can be caused by...
carbamazepine, cyclophosphamide and SSRIs.
222
Dry cough can be caused by...
ACE inhibitors.
223
Pulmonary fibrosis can be caused by...
bleomycin, amiodarone, busulfan, and methotrexate.
224
Antimuscarinic rxns can be caused by...
atropine, TCAs, H1-blockers and antipsychotics.
225
Disulfiram-like reaction can be caused by...
metronidazole, cephalosporins, griseofulvin, procarbazine, and 1st gen sulfonylureas.
226
Nephrotoxicity/Ototoxicity can be caused by...
aminoglycosides, vancomycin, loop diuretics and cisplatin.
227
CYP450 Inducers (9)
1. Chronic alcohol use 2. Modafinil 3. St. John's wort 4. Phenytoin 5. Phenobarbital 6. Nevirapine 7. Rifampin 8. Griseofulvin 9. Carbamazepine (Chronic alcoholic Mona Steals Phen-Phen and Never Refuses Greasy Carbs)
228
CYP450s Substrates (8)
1. Anti-epileptics 2. Antidepressants 3. Antipsychotics 4. Anesthetics 5. Theophylline 6. Warfarin 7. Statins 8. OCPs (Always, Always, Always, Always Think When Starting Others)
229
CYP450 Inhibitors (12)
1. Acute alcohol abuse 2. Gemfibrozil 3. Ciprofloxacin 4. Isoniazid 5. Grapefruit juice 6. Quinidine 7. Amiodarone 8. Ketoconazole 9. Macrolides 10. Sulfonamides 11. Cimetidine 12. Ritonavir (A cute Gentleman "Cipped" Iced Grapefruit juice Quickly And Kept Munching on Soft Cinammon Rolls)
230
Sulfa drugs (8)
1. Probenecid 2. Furosemide 3. Acetazolamide 4. Celecoxib 5. Thiazides 6. Sulfonamide antibiotics 7. Sulfasalazine 8. Sulfonylureas (Popular FACTSSS)
231
Pts who take sulfa drugs who have sulfa allergies may develop...
fever, UTIs, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis and urticaria.
232
-azole
erogsterol synthesis inhibitor Ex. ketoconazole
233
-bendazole
antiparasitic/antihelmintic ex. Mebendazole
234
-cillin
peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitor (ex. ampicillin)
235
-cycline
protein syntehsis inhibitor (tetracycline)
236
-ivir
neuraminidase inhibitor (oseltamivir)
237
-navir
protease inhibitor (ritonavir)
238
-ovir
DNA polymerase inhibitor (acyclovir)
239
-thromycin
macrolide antibiotic (azithromycin)
240
-ane
inhalational general anesthetic (halothane)
241
-azine
typical antipsychotic (thioridazine)
242
-barbital
barbituate (phenobarbital)
243
-caine
local anesthetic (lidocaine)
244
-etine
SSRI (Fluoxetine)
245
-ipramine
TCA (Imipramine)
246
-triptan
5HT-1B/1D agonists (sumatriptan)
247
-triptyline
TCA (amitryptyline)
248
-zepam
benzodiazepine (Diazepam)
249
-zolam
benzodiazepam (alprazolam)
250
-chol
cholinergic agonist (bethanechol/carbachol)
251
-curium or -curonium
non-deplarizing paralytic (atracurium or vecuronium)
252
-olol
beta-blocker (propranolol)
253
-stigmine
AChE inhibitor (neostigmine)
254
-terol
beta2-agonist (albuterol)
255
-zosin
alpha1-antagonist (prazosin)
256
-afil
PDE-5 inhibitor (sildenafil)
257
-dipine
dihydropyridine CCB (amlodipine)
258
-pril
ACE inhibitor (captopril)
259
-sartan
Angiotensin II receptor blocker (Losartan)
260
-statin
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (Atorvastatin)
261
-dronate
Bisphosphonate (alendronate)
262
-glitazone
PPAR-gamma activator (Rosiglitazone)
263
-prazole
proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole)
264
-prost
prostaglandin analog (latanoprost)
265
-tidine
H2-antagonist (cimetidine)
266
-tropin
pituitary hormone (somatotropin)
267
-ximab
chimeric monoclonal Ab (basiliximab)
268
-zumab
humanized monoclonal Ab (Daclizumab)
