Pathology - First Aid Flashcards
Apoptosis requires…
ATP.
Both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways for apoptosis activate…
cytosolic caspases that mediate cellular breakdown.
Unlike necrosis, apoptosis does not have…
significant inflammation.
Apoptosis is charachterized by..
deeply eosinophilic cytoplasm, cell shrinkage, nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis) and basophilia, membrane blebbing nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), and formation of apoptotic bodies, which are then phagocytosed.
DNA laddering is a…
sensitive indicator of apoptosis.
Durrying karyorrheix, endonucleases will…
cleave at internucleosomal regions, yielding 180-bp fragments.
Radiation therapy causes…
apoptosis of tumors and surrounding tissue via free radical formation and dsDNA breakage.
Intrinsic apoptosis pathway is invovled in..
tissue remodeling in embryogenesis.
Intrinsic pathway occurs when…
a regulating factor is withdrawn from a proliferating cell population (ex. decreased IL-2 after a completeed immunological rxn leads to apoptosis of proliferating effector cells).
Intrinsic pathway also occurs after exposure to…
injurious stimuli (radiation, toxins, hypoxia).
During the intrinsic pathway, changes in proportions of…
anti- and pro- apoptotic factors lead to increased mitochondrial permeability and cytochrome c release.
BAX and BAK are…
pro-apoptotic proteins.
Bcl-2 is…
anti-apoptotic.
Bcl-2 prevents…
cytochrome c release by binding to and inhibiting Apaf-1.
Apaf-1 normally…
induces the activation of caspases.
If Bcl-2 is overexpressed, then…
Apaf-1 is overly inhibitedd, leading to decreased caspase activation and tumorigenesis.
2 pathways of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway
- ligand receptor interactions (FasL binding to Fas)
2. immune cell (cytotoxic T-cell release of perforin and granzyme B)
Fas-FasL interaction is necessary in…
thymic medullary negative selection.
Mutations in Fas incnresae…
numbers of circulating self-reacting lymphocytes due to failure of clonal deletion.
After Fas crosslinks with FasL…
multiple Fas molecules coalesce forming a binding site for a death domain-containing adapter protein, FADD.
FADD binds…
inactive caspases, activating them.
Defective Fas-FasL interaction is the basis for…
autoimmune disorders.
Coagulative Necrosis
- heart, liver, kidney
- occurs in tissues supplied by end-arteries
- increased cytoplasmic binding of acidophilic dye
- proteins denature first, followed by enzymatic degradation
Liquefactive Necrosis
- brain, bacterial abscess
- occurs in CNS due to high fat content
- enzymatic degradation is due to the release of lysosomal enzymes