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Micro Systems - First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

Dominant flora of the skin

A

S. epidermidis

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2
Q

Dominant flora of the nose

A

S. epidermidis; colonized by S. aureus

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3
Q

Dominant flora of the oropharynx

A

viridans group strep

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4
Q

Dominant flora of the dental plaque

A

S. mutans

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5
Q

Dominant flora of the colon

A

B. fragilis > E. coli

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6
Q

Dominant flora of the vagina

A

Lactobacillus; colonized by E. coli and group B strep

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7
Q

Food poisoning that starts and ends quickly is from…

A

S. aureus or B. cereus.

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8
Q

B. cereus source

A

reheated rice

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9
Q

C. botulinum source

A

improperly canned foods

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10
Q

C. perfringens source

A

reheated meat dishes

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11
Q

E. coli O157:H7 source

A

undercooked meat

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12
Q

Salmonella source

A

poultry, meat, eggs

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13
Q

S. aureus source

A

meats, mayonnaise, custard; preformed toxin

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14
Q

V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus source

A

contaminated seafood

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15
Q

Bugs that cause bloody diarrhea (7)

A
  1. campylobacter
  2. E. histolytica
  3. EHEC
  4. EIEC
  5. Salmonella
  6. Shigella
  7. Yersinia enterocolitica
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16
Q

Bugs that cause watery diarrhea (6)

A
  1. C. difficile
  2. C. perfringens
  3. ETEC
  4. Protozoa (Giardia, Cryptosporidium)
  5. V. cholerae
  6. Viruses
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17
Q

Common causes of pneumonia in neonates (< 4 wks)

A
  1. Group B strep

2. E. coli

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18
Q

Common causes of pneumonia in children 1 mo - 18 yrs

A 
Viruses (RSV)
Mycoplasma
C. trachomatis (infants - 3 yrs)
C. pneumnoniae (school-aged)
S. pnumoniae
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19
Q

Common causes of pneumonia in 18-40 yr olds

A

Mycoplasma
C. pneumoniae
S. pneumoniae

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20
Q

Common causes of pneumonia in the elderly

A 
S. pneumoniae
Influenza virus
Anaerobes
H. influenzae
Gram-negative rods
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21
Q

Common causes of pneumoniae in alcoholics/IVDUs

A

S. pneumoniae
Klebsiella
Staph

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22
Q

Common causes of pneumonia (aspiration)

A

Anaerobes

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23
Q

Commona atypical pneumonias

A
  • Mycoplasma
  • Legionella
  • Chlamydia
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24
Q

Common causes of pneumonia in Cystic Fibrosis

A

Pseudomonas
S. aureus
S. pneumoniae

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25
Common causes of pneumonia in the immunocompromised
``` STaph enteric gram-negative rods fungi viruses P. jirovecii ```
26
common nosocomial causes of pneumonia
Stap | pseudomonas
27
Common causes of postviral pneumonia
staph H. influenzae S. pneumonia
28
Common causes of meningitis in newborns (0-6 mo)
Group B strep E. coli Listeria
29
common causes of meningitis inchildren 6 mo - 6 yrs
S. pnumoniae N. meningitidis H. ib Enteroviruses
30
Common causes of meningitis in those 6-60 yrs
S. pneumnoiae N. meningitidis enteroviruses HSV
31
common causes of meningitis in those over 60
S.pneumoniae | Listeria
32
To treat pneumonia, empirically give...
ceftriaxone and vancomycin. Add ampicillin if listeria is suspected.
33
Viral causes of meningitis include...
enterovirus (esp coxsackie), HSV-2, HIV, west nile and VZV
34
In HIV, likely causes of meningitis are...
Cryptococcus, CMV, toxoplasmosis (brain abscess) and JC virus.
35
CSF findings in bacterial meningitis
Opening pressure: increased Cell type: increased PMNs Protein: increased Sugar: decreased
36
CSF findings in fungal/TB meningitis
Opening pressure: increased Cell type: increased lymphocytes Protein: increased Sugar: decreased
37
CSF findings in viral meningitis
Opening pressure: normal/increased Cell type: increased lymphocytes Protein: normal/increased Sugar: normal
38
Most common cause of Osteomyelitis is...
S. aureus.
39
If a pt is sexually active and has osteomyelitis, think...
N. gonorrhoeae or septic arthitis.
40
If a pt has osteomyelitis and diabetes/or IVDU, suspect...
P. aeruginosa or serratia.
41
If a pt has osteomyelitis and sickle cell, suspect...
salmonella.
42
If a pt has prosthetic joint replacement and osteomyelitis, suspect...
S. aureus and S. epidermidis.
43
If a pt has osteomyelitis with vertebral involvement, suspect...
Mycobacterium tubercuosis (pott disease).
44
If a pt has cat and dog bites and osteomyelitis, suspect...
pasteurella multocida.
45
Osteomyelitis may be subtle on...
radiographs and is more easily seen on MRI.
46
Cystitis presents with...
dysuria, frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain and WBCs in the urine.
47
Bladder infxn that ascends to the kidney presents with...
pyelonephritis (fever, chills, flank pain, CVA tenderness, hematuria, WBC casts.
48
Diagnostic markers for UTI are:
1. positive leukocyte esterase test = bacterial UTI | 2. Nitrite test positive = gram-negative bacterial UTI
49
3 most common causes of UTI are:
1. E. coli 2. Staph saprophyticus 3. Klebsiella
50
Bacterial vaginosis signs
- no inflammation | - thin, white discharge with fishy odor
51
Bacterial vaginosis lab findings
- clue cells | - pH > 4.5
52
Bacterial vaginosis treatment
Metronidazole
53
Trichomoniasis signs
- inflammation | - frothy, grey-green, foul-smelling discharge
54
Trichomoniasis lab findings
- motile trichomonads | - pH > 4.5
55
Candida vulvovaginitis signs
- inflammation | - thick, white "cottage cheese" discharge
56
Candida vulvovaginitis lab findings
- pseudohyphae | - pH normal (4-4.5)
57
Treatment for Trichomoniasis
Metronidazole; also treat sexual partner
58
Treatment for Candida vulvovaginitis
azoles
59
Nonspecific signs common to many TORCHES infections are...
hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, thrombocytopenia and growth retardation.
60
In neonates, Parvovirus B19 causes...
hydrops fetalis.
61
TORCHES infections
``` Toxoplasma gondii Rubella CMV HIV HSV2 Syphilis ```
62
Toxoplasma gondii transmission
cat feces or ingestion of undercooked meat
63
Toxoplasma maternal manifestations
asymptomatic; rare lymphadenopathy
64
Neotnatal manifestations of toxoplasma
Classic triad: chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications
65
Transmission of rubella
respiratory droplets
66
Rubella maternal manifestations
rash, lymphadenopathy, arthritis
67
Rubella neonate manifestations
Class triad: PDA, cataracts and deafness | +/- "blueberry muffin" rash
68
CMV transmission
sexual contact | organ transplants
69
CMV maternal manifestations
asymptomatic | rare mono-like illness
70
CMV neonatal manifestations
hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash, "blueberry muffin" rash
71
HIV neonatal manifestations
recurrent infections and chronic diarrhea
72
HSV-2 transmission
skin or mucous membrane contact (during delivery)
73
HSV-2 neonatal manifestations
encephalitis, herpetic lesions
74
Syphilis maternal manifestations
Primary chancre and disseminated rash
75
Syphilis neonatal manifestations
- often results in stillbirth, hydrops fetalis - if child survives, present with facial abnormalities (notched teeth (Hutchinson), saddle nose, short maxilla), saber shins and deafness
76
Coxsackie virus presentation/hand-foot-mouth disease
vesicular rash on palms and soles; vesicles/ulcers in oral mucosa
77
HHV-6/Roseola presentation
macular rash over body appears several days after high fever; can present with febrile seizure
78
Measles/Rubeola presentation
begininning at head and moving down; rash is preceded by cough, coryza, conjunctivitis and blue-white spots on buccal mucosa
79
Parvovirus B19/Erythema infectiosum/fifth disease presentation
"slapped cheek" rash on face
80
Rubella virus presentation
rash begins at head and moves down leading to a fine truncal rash; postauricular lymphadenopathy
81
Strep pyogenes/scarlet fever presentation
erythematous, sandpaper-like rash with fever and sore throat
82
VZV/Chickenpox presentation
vesicular rash begins on trunk; spreads to face and extremities with lesions of different ages
83
Chancroid
- painful genital ulcer, inguinal adenopathy | - H. ducreyi
84
Chlamydia
-urethritis, cervicitis, conjunctivitis, reactive arthritis, PID
85
Condylomata acuminata
- genital warts - koilocytes - HPV-6 and 11
86
Genital herpes
- painful penile, vulvar or cervical vesicles and ulcers; can cause systemic symptoms such as fever, HA , myalgia - HSV-2
87
Gonorrhea
- urethritis - cervicitis - PID - prostatitis - epididymitis - arthritis - creamy purulent discharge
88
Lymphogranuloma venereum
- infxn of lymphatics; painless genital ulcers | - painful lymphadenopathy (buboes)
89
Trichomoniasis
- vaginitis - strawberry cervix - motile in wet prep - yellow-green discharge (trichomonas vaginalis)
90
Common causes of PID are...
Chlamydia trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae.
91
PID presents with...
cervical motion tenderness (chandelier sign), purulent discharge. May include salpingitis, endometritis, hydrosalpinx and tubo-ovarian abscess.
92
PID can lead to...
Fitz-High-Curtis syndrome = infxn of the liver capsule and "violin string" adhesions of peritoneum to liver.
93
Salpingitis is a risk factor for...
ectopic pregnancy, infertility, chronic pelvic pain and adhesions.
94
Meningitis in unimmunized children is often caused by...
H. ib or poliovirus.
95
Epiglottitis is often caused by...
H.ib (esp in unimmunized children).
96
Epiglottitis presents with...
fever, dysphagia, drooling, dificulty breathing due to edematous "cherry red" epiglottis; shows thumbprint sign on X-ray.
97
Pharyngitis in unimmunized is usually caused by...
C. diphtheriae
98
Presentation of pharyngitis
graysih oropharyngeal exudate (pseduomembranes); painful throat

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