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Pharmacology Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

normal lab values for K & Na

A

Na 135-145
K 3.5-5

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2
Q

normal lab values for Cl & CO2

A

Cl 97-107
C02 22-26

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3
Q

what are normal lab values for BUN & Creatinine

A

BUN 8 - 21
Creatinine 0.6 - 1.2

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4
Q

normal lab values for Glu & WBC

A

glucose 70-100
WBCs 4500 - 11000

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5
Q

normal lab values for hgb & hct

A

hemoglobin 12 - 17.5
hematocrit 34-52

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6
Q

what is the action of Thiazides

A

blocks the chloride pump, keeping chloride + sodium in the tubule to be excreted in urine, thus preventing the reabsorption of both in the vascular system

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7
Q

adverse effects of Thiazides

A

HYPOKALEMIA
hypercalcemia
high uric acid (gout)
GI upset and dry mouth

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8
Q

what are 2 Thiazide drugs

A

Hydrochlorothiazide
Metolazone

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9
Q

what is the action of Loop Diuretics

A

Block chloride pump in loop of henle, decreasing reabsorption of sodium and chloride

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10
Q

what are 2 loop diuretic drugs

A

Furosemide
Bumetanide

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11
Q

what are the adverse effects of loop diuretics

A

(HYPO)
Hyponatremia
Hypokalemia
Hypomagnesemia
Otoxicity

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12
Q

what is the action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

block enzyme and slow movement of hydrogen ions, therefore more sodium and bicarbonate go out with urine

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13
Q

what is an example of a Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor

A

Acetazolamide (Diamox)

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14
Q

what is the action of potassium-sparing diuretics

A

minimize the spillage of potassium in urine, will hold onto potassium
- Cause loss of sodium while retaining potassium

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15
Q

what are the adverse effects of potassium-sparing diuretics

A

Can cause enlargement of swelling of the breast tissue in males, avoid alcohol
- Gynecomastia in males

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16
Q

what is an example of a potassium sparing drug

A

spironolactone

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17
Q

what is the action of osmotic diuretics

A

pull fluid out of body tissue and into circulation
- IV only
- Cross blood brain barrier

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18
Q

what is the osmotic diuretic drug

A

Mannitol

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19
Q

what are the adverse effects of osmotic diuretics

A

N/V
Headache
Dizziness
Sudden drop in fluid level

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20
Q

what are important considerations with diuretics

A
  1. Teach BP effects of medications
  2. Must watch sodium intake
  3. Weigh themselves everyday (report changes)
  4. Do not decrease fluid intake (will cause rebound edema)
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21
Q

what are other inspections that must be done with diuretics

A
  1. inspect lower legs/feet
  2. urine output
  3. auscultation of lungs/heart sounds
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22
Q

what is Phenazopyridine (pyridium)

A

Treats UTI - pain, burning, increased urination and urgency
- will turn pts urine orange/red

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23
Q

what are Oxybutynin and Tolteridine

A

Antispasmodics: block ACH, inhibiting voluntary muscle contractions
- treat urge and overactive bladder

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24
Q

what is Finasteride (proscar)

A

Testosterone production blocker used to treat BPH
- will shrink prostate

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25
what is Doxazosin and Tamsulosin (flomax)
Alpha Adrenergic Blockers to treat BPH by relaxing smooth muscle in bladder
26
what is Estradiol (estrace)
Estrogen medication *CANNOT smoke while taking estrogen, will cause blood clots*
27
what is important about Phenytoin (seizure med)
when interacted with birth control, will decrease its effects and cause pregnancy
28
what is premphase
combination of estrogen and progesterone
29
what are Progesterone, Drospirenone and Levonorgestrel (planb)
Progestins
30
what is the action of these drugs ?Sildenafil (Viagra) Tadalafil (Cialis) Vardenafil (Levitra)
inhibit phosphodiesterase receptors and increases nitric oxide, allowing blood flow into the corpus cavernosum
31
what is Brilliant IDEA
indigestion Digestion Excretion Absorption
32
what is peptic ulcer disease and what causes it
erosions in the lining of the stomach and adjacent areas of GI tract - caused by Helicobacter Pylori Bacteria
33
what are the s/s of peptic ulcer disease
gnawing, burning pain, often a few hours after meals
34
what is the action of histamine 2 Antagonists (-tidine)
block histamine-2 receptor sites and block release of HCL, will prevent gastric release and decrease pepsin production
35
adverse effects of histamine 2 antagonists
dry mouth weakness headache N/V cramps
36
important considerations of histamine 2 antagonists
No more than 2 OTC Histamine 2s per week Oral dosing with or after meals monitor cardiac/cns effects
37
what is the action of antacids
neutralize stomach acid by direct chemical reaction
38
adverse effects of antacids
rebound acidity constipation or diarrhea effect acid-base balance
39
important considerations for antacids
calcium and aluminum toxicity can occur MUST be administered 1hr or 2hrs after any other oral medications
40
what is the action of proton pump inhibitors
suppress the secretion of HCL into the lumen of the stomach - stop/decrease acid production
41
what do proton pump inhibitors treat
GERD, peptic ulcers, H.Pylori
42
what is the action of GI protectants
form coating over ulcer site so ulcer can heal
43
what is sucralfate (carafate)
a GI protectant - tastes sweet - sulfated sucrose + aluminum - needs to be excreted or aluminum toxicity will occur
44
what is the suffix for Histamine 2 antagonists
(-tidine) cimetidine famotidine nizatidine ranitidine
45
suffix for antacids
(-ate) or salts aluminum salts sodium bicarbonate
46
suffix for proton pump inhibitors
(-prazole) lansoprazole
47
action of prostaglandins
inhibit gastric acid secretion, therefore decreasing amount of acid in stomach and protect stomach lining - Used to reduce risk of NSAID induced ulcer
48
important consideration for prostaglandins
Cannot be used during pregnancy, run the risk of miscarriage
49
what is Misoprostol (Cytotec) - PO
prostaglandin
50
what 2 types of patients may require digestive enzyme supplements
1. Saliva Supplements (mouthKote, Salivary) Stroke or Salivary gland disorder 2. prancreatic enzyme supplements Cystic fibrosis or pancreatic disease
51
what are the 3 types of laxatives
1. chemical stimulant: chemically irritate GI tract 2. Lubricant: help intestinal contents move 3. Bulk stimulant: cause fecal matter to increase in bulk (push stool out of you) (12-3 days to work)
52
what is the action of GI stimulants
block dopamine receptors and makes GI cells more sensitive to acetylcholine - Leads to increased GI activity and movement
53
what is Metoclopramide (reglan) - PO, IV, IM and its considerations
GI Stimulant - must check blood sugars on this drug - take at least 15mins before meals
54
what are the 2 antidiarrheal drugs
1 - Bismuth Subsalicylate (pepto bismol): coats the lining of the GI tract and soothes irritation of excessive activity and diarrhea 2 - Loperamide (imodium): slows peristalsis and allows increased time for absorption of fluid and electrolytes
55
what are important considerations for antidiarrheal drugs
*Should be taken after every loose movement - no improvement in 48hrs - go see doctor
56
what is the action of Antiemetic Agents (both phenothiazines and non-phenothiazines)
phenothiazines: decrease and prevent N/V by centrally acting on chemoreceptor trigger zone non-phenothiazines: reduce responsiveness of nerve cells in CTZ to circulating chemicals that induce vomiting
57
phenothiazine drugs
(-azine) causes drowsiness, photosensitivt, CNS depression, pink urine
58
non-phenothiazine drugs
Metoclopramide (Reglan) causes drowsiness, fatigue, restlessness
59
action of anticholinergic/antihistamines
anticholinergics that act as antihistamines and block transmission of impulses to CTZ
60
important considerations for anticholinergic/antihistamines
Administer 30 mins before activity Protection from sun (photosensitivity) Maintain fluid intake
61
action of Serotonin (5HT3) Receptor Blockers
block those receptors associated with N/V in the CTZ and locally
62
what is Ondansetron (Zofran) and its adverse effects
Serotonin (5HT3) Receptor Blocker - drowsiness, myalgia, urinary retention, constipation
63
gastric ulcer vs duodenal ulcer
gastric: pain high in epigastric area 1-2hrs after eating duodenal ulcer: midepigastric area 2-5hrs after eating

exams (11 decks)

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