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Pharmacology Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

“Master Gland” : coordinating center for nervous and endocrine responses

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2
Q

what are the anterior pituitary hormones

A

GH - growth hormone
TSH - thyroid
ACTH - adrenocorticotropic
PRL - prolactin
FSH - follicle
LH - luteinizing
MSH - melanocyte

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3
Q

what are the posterior pituitary hormones

A

ADH - antidiuretic
Oxytocin

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4
Q

what is the purpose of somatotropin

A

treatment for children failing to grow due to lack of GH

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5
Q

somatotropin contraindications

A

closed epiphyses (bones stopped growing), and underlying cranial lesions (tumor)

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6
Q

somatotropin adverse effects

A

*swelling and joint pain
inflammation

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7
Q

what is diabetes insipidus

A

insufficient secretion of ADH (losing water)

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8
Q

what is Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

A

excessive secretion of ADH (retaining water)

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9
Q

what is desmopressin

A

synthetic ADH used to treat diabetes insipidus
- used to reduce urine output

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10
Q

what is tolvaptan

A

treatment of SIADH
- increases water production and makes you pee

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11
Q

what are the actions of the RAAS System

A

Increase blood volume
Cause release of glucose for energy
Slow rate of protein production
Block activities of immune/inflammatory systems (reserves energy)

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12
Q

what are the 3 types of corticosteroids

A
  1. mineralocorticoids
  2. glucocorticoids
  3. androgens
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13
Q

what is the purpose of glucocorticoids

A
  1. increases glucose, rises blood sugars (monitor)
  2. Known as cortisol (released when body is stressed)
  3. Are considered anti-inflammatories
  4. Can also have mineralocorticoid affects
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14
Q

what is the purpose of mineralocorticoids

A
  1. Affect electrolyte levels
  2. Known as aldosterone
  3. Essential for maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
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15
Q

what are androgens

A

male sex hormones

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16
Q

Prednisone

A

Glucocorticoid
replacement therapy for adrenal glands (cortisol which responds to stress/inflammation)

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17
Q

Cortisone

A

Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid
- replacement therapy for adrenal glands (cortisol which responds to stress/inflammation)

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18
Q

Hydrocortisone

A

Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid
used less than others - has more mineralocorticoid effect
- will effect Na+ and K+ levels

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19
Q

Methylprednisone

A

Glucocorticoid
treatment of allergic and inflammatory disorders

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20
Q

what should you caution with glucocorticoids

A
  1. should only be used short term
  2. can make more susceptible to infection
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21
Q

Fludrocortisone

A

treatment of adrenal insufficiency
- replace aldosterone
- inflammatory treatment

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22
Q

what are things to consider with mineralocorticoids

A
  1. Taper drugs gradually to avoid adrenal insufficiency (affects all organs due to K/Na)
  2. Worry about effect on K+ and Na+
  3. Baseline vitals - measure sodium/potassium pump can cause arrhythmias
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23
Q

what is thyroid responsible for

A

Iodine

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24
Q

what is parathyroid responsible for

A

Vitamin D synthesis

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25
Levothyroxine
Hypothyroidism treatment - synthetic t4 salt *must admin AM on empty stomach
26
Liothyronine
Hypothyroidism treatment - synthetic t3 salt
27
what are the 2 antithyroid agent categories for hyperthyroidism
Thioamides - block production of t3 + t4 Iodine solutions - iodine blocks t3 + t4
28
propylthiouracil
thioamide treatment of hyperthyroidism - inhibit t4 - t3 conversion
29
methimazole
thioamide treatment of hyperthyroidism - inhibit t4 - t3 conversion
30
what can happen when treating hyperthyroidism?
can be thrown into hypothyroidism
31
what is the role of the parathyroid
1. PTH regulates serum calcium (calcium in blood levels) 2. Renal conversion of vitamin D (in kidneys) 3. Stimulates transfer of calcium from bone to blood (Ca levels 9-10.5)
32
Calcitriol
Hypo parathyroid Used in pts with kidney disease who cannot make enough active form of vitamin D
33
what are the anti-hypercalcemic agents used for osteoporosis?
Alendronate Ibandronate - used to treat osteoporosis
34
Type I Diabetes
Insulin Dependent - pancreas makes little to no insulin
35
Type II Diabetes
Insulin Resistant - body doesn't respond to insulin being made
36
Regular Insulin
* admin 30mins-1hr before eating * quick onset, short duration Onset - 30mins to 1hr Peaks - 2-4hrs Duration - 8-12 hrs
37
NPH Insulin
* intermediate acting Onset 1 -1 ½ hr Peak 4-12 hr, Duration 24 hr * Cloudy solution
38
Glarnine
* very long acting Onset: 60 – 70 minutes Peak: No real peak, steady state, less risk of hypoglycemic attack Duration: 24 hours
39
70/30
Onset: 0.5 to 1 hour, then 1 -2 hr Peak: 2-4 hr, then 6-12 hours Duration: 6 – 8 hr, then 18-24 hours
40
what is the only kind of insulin that can be given IV
regular
41
what are the categories of Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
Sulfonylureas Biguanides Thiazolidinediones * used only for type II diabetics
42
Sulfonylureas
Stimulate beta cells to produce insulin 1. Chlorpropamide 2. Glyburide 3. Glipizide
43
Biguanides
Reduce the amount of glucose the liver produces 1. Metformin
44
Thiazolidinediones
Decrease insulin resistance of tissues 1. Rosiglitazone
45
what are the Glucose-Elevating Agents
1. glucagon 2. glucose 3. dextrose
46
S/S of hyperglycemia
polyuria - pee a lot polydipsia - excessive thirst polyphagia - increase hunger
47
S/S of hypoglycemia
shaking sweating headache irritability
48
Mounjaro
weekly injection to decrease blood sugar levels
49
Ozempic
weekly injection to decrease blood sugar levels * if used for weight loss, stop taking med and blood sugars will spike
50
Upper respiratory disorders
Common cold Seasonal rhinitis Sinusitis Laryngitis Pharyngitis
51
Lower respiratory disorders
Atelectasis - alveoli collapse or fill w/ fluid Pneumonia - alveoli fill w/ pus or fluid Bronchitis - inflamed bronchial tubes Bronchiectasis - widened bronchial tubes Obstructive diseases: COPD, Asthma, CF, ARDS
52
what are antitussives
decrease frequency and intensity of a non-productive cough
53
what are the 2 categories of antitussives
Centrally acting - inhibit cough receptors in brain Locally acting - numb direct site of irritation
54
what are the 4 antitussives
Benzonatate - local non opiate Dextromethorphan- central non opiate Codeine - central opiate Hydrocodone - central opiate
55
what are decongestants
relieve discomfort of nasal congestion and promote drainage of secretions
56
what are the 2 topical decongestants
Ephedrine Oxymetazoline
57
what must you caution with topical decongestants and what are the adverse effects
Caution - d/c after 5 days of use Effects - cause rebound congestion
58
what are the 4 topical nasal steroid decongestants
Flunisolide Fluticasone Budesonide Beclomethasone
59
what are topical nasal steroid decongestants used for
long-term use to begin working suppress the immune system
60
what are the adverse effects of topical nasal steroid decongestants
1. irritability 2. headaches 3. local infection 4. epistasis 5. rebound congestion
61
what is the 1 oral decongestant and its important factors
Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) - d/c after 1 week - decreases edema of nasal membranes
62
what is the role of antihistamines
block release of histamine relieving s/s of allergies
63
what are the types of antihistamine generations
first gen - sedating second gen - less sedative effects
64
what type drug effects do antihistamines have
Anticholinergic Antipruritic Sedative * if works too well, will cause drowsiness and sedative effects
65
what are the first generation antihistamines
diphenhydramine hydroxyzine meclizine promethazine
66
what are the second generation antihistamines
cetirizine loratadine fexofenadine
67
what anticholinergic effects can antihistamines cause
respiratory and GI drying dysuria arrythmias decreased secretions
68
what are exporants
increase productive cough to get mucus out
69
what is the common expectorant and its adverse effects
Mucinex - guaifenesin **Nausea, rash, headache, dizziness, vomiting - cannot be used for more than 1 week
70
what are mucolytics
liquefy respiratory secretions via inhalation or instillation
71
what is Acetylcysteine
(mucomyst) smells like rotten eggs used for COPD, CF, pneumonia - caution bronchospasms, esophageal varices
72
what are Xanthines
bronchodilators derived from natural sources of caffeine
73
what are examples of xanthines
theophylline aminophylline
74
what are signs of toxicity of Xanthines
tremors nausea nervousness tachycardia arrythmias
75
what level of Xanthines is considered toxic
above 20mcg/ml
76
what does nicotine with xanthines cause
increases metabolism meaning dosage may need to be increased
77
what are sympathomimetics
bronchodilators that speed up everything
78
what are the sympathomimetics bronchodilators
1. Albuterol - rescue inhaler 2. Epinephrine - bronchodilator 3. Levalbuterol 4. Salmeterol
79
what are anticholinergic bronchodilators
agents that block muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the bronchi
80
what are the 2 anticholinergic bronchodilators
Ipratropium Tiotropium - rapid onset, long duration
81
what are the inhaled steroids
1. budeside 2. fluticasone 3. beclomethasone * not used for emergency or acute attacks
82
what are leukotriene receptor antagonists
block leukotriene actions and reduce inflammation, airway swelling, and mucus
83
what are the 2 leukotriene receptor antagonists
Zafirlukast Montelukast
84
what are mast cell stabilizers
cells that prevent the release of histamine
85
Cromolyn
Mast cell stabilizer -used to prevent release of histamines - not for acute relief, children, or pregnant
86
what is the onset and duration of dextromethorphan
onset: 15-30 mins duration: 3 - 6 hours
87
what is Robittussin DM
guaifenesin + dextromethorphan
88
what is the process of giving mixed insulin
air in NPH air in Regular draw from Regular draw from NPH

exams (11 decks)

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