Pharmacology Exam 2 (pt2)

Question 1

what does gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) do?

Answer 1

inhibits nerve activity and prevents overstimulation (decreases seizure activity)

Question 2

what is the role of seratonin?

Answer 2

important in arousal, sleep, preventing depression, and promoting motivation

Question 3

what do anxiolytics do?

Answer 3

reduce feelings of tension, nervousness, or fear

Question 4

what do sedatives do?

Answer 4

reduce awareness and reaction to environmental stimuli

Question 5

what do hypnotics do?

Answer 5

create extreme sedation and lack of reaction

Question 6

what are the suffixes for Benzodiazepine?

Answer 6

-lam and -pam

Question 7

what are the actions of Benzodiazepines?

Answer 7

1. most frequently used anxiolytics
2. act in limbic system and ras
3. makes GABA more effective
4. low dose = anxiolytic effect
5. high dose = sedative/hypnotic effect

Question 8

what are the indications for benzodiazepine?

Answer 8

1. anxiety and panic attacks
2. alcohol withdrawal
3. hyper-excitability + agitation
4. insomnia
5. seizures

Question 9

what do benzodiazepines most commonly work on?

Answer 9

Anxiety, panic attacks and alcohol withdrawal

Question 10

what are patients taking BENZOs at risk for?

Answer 10

falls and altered LOC

Question 11

Diazepam

Answer 11

Benzodiazepine
- anxiety
- alcohol withdrawal
- prevent seizures

Question 12

Alprazolam

Answer 12

Benzodiazepine
- anxiety
- panic attacks

Question 13

Lorazepam

Answer 13

Benzodiazepine
- *seizures
- anxiety
- alcohol withdrawal

Question 14

Midazolam

Answer 14

Benzodiazepine
- conscious sedation

Question 15

Temazepam

Answer 15

Benzodiazepine
- insomnia

Question 16

what are the adverse effects of Benzodiazepines?

Answer 16

CNS depression - confusion, agitation
Hypotension
Dry mouth
Urinary retention

Question 17

what are the contraindications of Benzodiazepine?

Answer 17

• benzo allergy
• glaucoma
• coma
• pregnancy
• alcohol

Question 18

what do Benzodiazepines do to GABA?

Answer 18

increase the amount of GABA, less likely to have a seizure

Question 19

what does the limbic system do

Answer 19

controls basic emotions

Question 20

how long does it take for benzodiazepines to act on body

Answer 20

30-45mins

Question 21

if benzo drugs are abruptly stopped, what is a patient at risk for?

Answer 21

1. vertigo
2. nightmares
3. nausea
4. headaches
5. malaise

Question 22

what drug decreases benzo effect

Answer 22

theophylline

Question 23

what drug is used to treat a benzo overdose?

Answer 23

Flumazenil

Question 24

what are the characteristics of flumazenil?

Answer 24

benzodiazepine antagonist
- agitation and excitability
- confusion, seizures

Question 25

what is the suffix for barbiturates

Answer 25

-barbital

Question 26

what are phenobarbital and pentobarbital?

Answer 26

sedative-hypnotics and preanesthetics

Question 27

what are the 2 unexpected responses in children taking barbiturates?

Answer 27

1. restlessness 2. agitation

Question 28

what are adverse effects of barbiturates

Answer 28

hallucinations and hangover effect

Question 29

what are buspirone, zolpidem, promethazine, and diphenhydramine?

Answer 29

non barbie or benzo drugs for insomnia and anxiety - buspirone is good because it does not cause muscle relaxation/sedation

Question 30

what is baclofen

Answer 30

muscle relaxant that treats muscle spasticity

Question 31

what is cyclobenzaprine

Answer 31

muscle relaxant that treats acute musculoskeletal conditions

Question 32

what is the action and indication of narcotic agents

Answer 32

action - bind to opioid receptors blocking the body's ability to communicate pain indication - relief of severe pain

Question 33

what are the 6 narcotic agonists

Answer 33

1. morphine 2. fentanyl 3. hydromorphone 4. meperidine 5. oxycodone (Percocet - oxycodone/acetaminophen) 6. codeine (Tylenol #3 - codeine/ acetaminophen)

Question 34

what do you monitor after administering Narcan

Answer 34

airway, breathing, cardiovascular, and neuro status

Question 35

what must you monitor with any opioid?

Answer 35

BP

Question 36

what are adverse effects of opioids?

Answer 36

1. mental status decline 2. respiratory depression 3. hypotension 4. drowsiness

Question 37

what is tolerance

Answer 37

a person's diminished response to a drug caused by overuse

Question 38

what are the 3 types of tolerance

Answer 38

1. acute: caused by repeated use of drug over short period of time 2. chronic: caused by long term exposure 3. learned: built tolerance

Question 39

what is dependence

Answer 39

a physical condition where the body has adapted to the presence of the drug - must be stopped slowly

Question 40

what is addiction

Answer 40

chronic brain disease characterized by a compulsive drug seeking use despite harmful consequences

Question 41

what is Ergotamine

Answer 41

Migraine drug - narrows widened vessels - blocks adrenergic/serotonin sites - has many side effects

Question 42

what is sumatriptan

Answer 42

- narrows widened vessels - less adverse effects to ergotamine

Question 43

what is a general vs local anesthetic

Answer 43

general - widespread CNS causes loss of consciousness + depression Local - local to one area of the body

Question 44

what is the common barbiturate anesthetic

Answer 44

Thiopental - helps pts relax before getting surgery anesthetic

Question 45

what are 4 general anesthetics

Answer 45

1. midazolam 2. ketamine 3. etomidate 4. propofol

Question 46

what is propofol

Answer 46

A hyper lipid that causes sedation and amnesia - has a rapid onset causing respiratory arrest

Question 47

what is nitrous oxide

Answer 47

anesthetic gas - can cause laryngospasms

Question 48

what are 2 local anesthetics

Answer 48

lidocaine Novocain

Question 49

what is important about lidocaine and novocaine

Answer 49

5-10 minute onset 30-90 minute duration do not alter LOC

Question 50

what are neuromuscular junction blocking agents

Answer 50

used to cause muscle paralysis

Question 51

non-depolarizing vs depolarizing NMBAs

Answer 51

non-depolarizing: act as antagonist and prevent depolarization of muscle cells depolarizing: act as agonist causing stimulation of muscle cells

Question 52

what is Succinylcholine

Answer 52

*The only depolarizing drug - caution fractures, low cholinesterase levels

Question 53

what are the 3 non-depolarizing NMBAs

Answer 53

Pancuronium Vecuronium Cisatracurium