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Pharmacology > Pharmacology Chapters 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Pharmacology Chapters 1 & 2 Flashcards

Terms and definitions

1
Q

What are the three ways to prescribe drugs?

A

1) Electronic order entry (CHCS)
2) DD 1289
3) NAVMED 6710/6

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2
Q

What form is used for a poly prescription?

A

NAVMED 6710/6

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3
Q

What form is used for a DOD prescription?

A

DD 1289

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4
Q

Prescriptions must be written in?

A

Ink, indelible pencil, or typewritten

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5
Q

Prescriptions must include what?

A
  1. Name and SSN
  2. Date prescription written
  3. Patient’s age/date of birth
  4. Generic name of drug, form, dose
  5. Directions for the patient
  6. Legible signature of the provider
  7. Refill authorization
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6
Q

If IDC’s do not use a DD 1289 how would they document?

A

Proper SOAP note. Including drug administered, quantity, and directions.

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7
Q

What are the general principles of pharmacology?

A

1) Factors that affect the actions of drugs
2) Factors that affect drug reactions
3) Various types of drug interactions
4) Factors influencing drug response interactions

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8
Q

Activities of the drug after it enters the body. The study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

A

Pharmacokinetic

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9
Q

What is a fundamental concept in pharmacokinetics?

A

Drug Clearance

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10
Q

Carrier molecule such as a protein or enzyme actively moves the drug across the membrane

A

Active Absorption

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11
Q

Diffuse across a membrane from area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

Passive Absorption

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12
Q

Cells engulf the drug particle across the cell membrane (Pac-Man)

A

Pinocytosis

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13
Q

The percentage of the administered drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation

A

Bioavailability

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14
Q

What factors affect bioavailability?

A
  1. Drug Form
  2. Route of administration
  3. Liver metabolism (dysfunction)
  4. GI mucosa and motility
  5. Food and drugs
  6. Solubility (fat soluble are absorbed faster)
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15
Q

Movement of a drug throughout the body typically on proteins (albumin)

A

Distribution

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16
Q

Chemical reaction with liver converts drug to inactive compound

A

Metabolism

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17
Q

Elimination of drugs from the body

A

Excretion

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18
Q

Time required for the body to eliminate 50% of the drug

A

Half-life

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19
Q

Drug’s actions and effects within the body

A

Pharmacodynamic

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20
Q

A compulsive need to use a substance repeatedly to avoid mild to severe withdrawal symptoms

A

Physical dependence

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21
Q

A compulsion to use a substance to obtain a pleasurable experience

A

Psychological dependence

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22
Q

Genetically determined abnormal response to normal doses of drugs

A

Pharmacogenetic disorder

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23
Q

A specialized macromolecule that binds to the drug molecule, altering the function of the cell and producing the therapeutic response

A

Receptor

24
Q

A drug that alters cellular function can increase or decrease the physiologic functions of the cell

A

Alterations in Cellular Environment

25
Q

Drug that binds with a receptor to produce the therapeutic response

A

Agonist

26
Q

Drug binds to receptor stronger than the agonist thus producing no pharmacologic effect

A

Antagonist

27
Q

Undesirable drug effects

A

Adverse Reaction

28
Q

A drug reaction that occurs because the individual’s immune system views the drug as a foreign substance

A

Allergic Reaction

29
Q

Any unusual or abnormal reaction to a drug that a patient can have, that does not occur in the vast majority of patients taking the same drug

A

Drug idiosyncrasy

30
Q

A decreased response to a drug, requiring an increase in dosage to achieve the desired effect

A

Drug tolerance

31
Q

A drug effect that occurs when the body has not fully metabolized a dose of a drug before the next dose is given

A

Cumulative drug effect

32
Q

A harmful drug effect if it is delivered in high dose or when blood concentration levels exceed therapeutic level

A

Toxic

33
Q

Inherited traits that cause abnormal metabolism of the drug

A

Pharmacogenetics Reactions

34
Q

The dissolution of a drug. Usually applying to the breakdown of tablets

A

Pharmaceutic Phase

35
Q

When one drug interacts with or interferes with the action of another drug

A

Drug interactions

36
Q

A reaction that occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of each drug given alone

A

Additive drug reaction

37
Q

A drug interaction that occurs when drugs produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate actions

A

Synergism

38
Q

When one drug interferes with the action of another, causing neutralization or a decrease in the effect of one drug

A

Antagonist Drug Reaction

39
Q

Drug given orally, food may impair or enhance its absorption

A

Drug-Food Interactions

40
Q

What are the factors that influence drug responses?

A
  1. Age
  2. Weight
  3. Gender
  4. Disease
  5. Route of administration
  6. Drug use and pregnancy
41
Q

Oral medications can also be administered how?

A

1) Nasogastric Tube
2) Buccal route
3) Sublingual

42
Q

What are the different parenteral routes?

A

1) Subcutaneous
2) Intramuscular
3) Intravenous
4) Intradermal

43
Q

This drug administration method maintains a relatively constant blood concentration and reduces the possibility of toxicity

A

Transdermal

44
Q

The drugs administration method have a primary local effect on the lungs

A

Inhalation

45
Q

Countries that have the highest rates of drowning, accounting for over 90 percent of fatalities

A

Low and middle-income countries

46
Q

Survival, at least temporarily, after suffocation by submersion in a liquid medium. With or without loss of consciousness.

A

Nonfatal drowning

47
Q

Factors that increase the risk of drowning

A

Inadequate adult supervision

Inability to swim or overestimation of swimming capabilities

Risk-taking behavior

Use of alcohol and illicit drugs

Hypothermia

Concomitant trauma, stroke, or myocardial infarction

Seizure disorder or developmental/behavioral disorders in children

48
Q

More than ___% of adult drowning deaths are believed to be alcohol-related

A

50%

49
Q

Drowning

Hypoxemia in turn affects every organ system, with the major component of morbidity and mortality being related to:

A

Cerebral hypoxia

50
Q

___% of nonfatal drowning victims sustain neurologic damage, limiting functional recovery despite successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation

A

20%

51
Q

Initial arrhythmias following nonfatal drowning

A

Sinus tachycardia

Sinus Bradycardia

Atrial fibrillation

52
Q

Management of drowning victims can be divided into three phases

A

Prehospital care

Emergency department care

Inpatient care

53
Q

Near drowning

Indications for intubation

A

Signs of neurologic deterioration or inability to protect the airway

Inability to maintain a PaO2 above 60 mmHg or oxygen saturation above 90% despite high-flow O2

PaCO2 above 50 mmHg

54
Q

The following factors at presentation have been associated with a poor prognosis

A

Duration of submersion >5 minutes (Most Critical Factor)

Time to effective BLS > 10 minutes

Resuscitation duration > 25 minutes

Age > 14 years

Glasgow coma scale <5

Persistent apnea and requirement of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the emergency department

Arterial blood pH <7.1

55
Q

Any body of water that is suspected of containing chemical or biological agents in concentrations that could potentially harm an unprotected diver and/or surface support personnel

A

Contaminated water

56
Q

What bodies of water are of more concern for contaminated water?

A

Closed body of water (Pond, Flooded quarry)

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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