Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry > Pharmacology Basics > Flashcards

Pharmacology Basics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does pharmacodynamics include?

A

Site of action
mechanism of action
receptor binding
post-receptor effects
chemical interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What can affect pharmacodynamics?

A

Diseases
Age
Drug-drug interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the different receptor subtypes?

A

Enzymes
Ion channels
Membrane receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What allows drugs to bind?

A

Chemical Interaction:
Electrostatic (H+ bonding)
hydrophobic
covalent
stereospecific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 drug properties?

A

Affinity
Efficacy
Potency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is drug affinity?

A

How well the drug binds to the receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is drug efficacy?

A

How well the drug produces the desired effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is potency?

A

Term used to compare the relative affinity of competing drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the catagories of drugs?

A

Agonist
Antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the different types of antagonists?

A

Competitive- reversible
non competitive- irreversible binding or binds allosterically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an allosteric antagonist?

A

diminish the agonists ability to bind to a different receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What affects the ability of a drug to give its desired effects?

A

Concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some of the parenteral routes?

A

IV
IM
SQ
Inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does absorption rate determine?

A

Time to max concentration at the receptor to produce peak effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What factors affect bioavailability?

A

Molecular weight of the drug
Drug formulation
Drug stability (especially pH sensitivity)
First pass metabolism (typically in the liver)
Blood flow
Gastric emptying (food slows this process)
Intestinal motility
Drug interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What influences drug distribution?

A

Blood
Total body water
Extracellular fluids
Lymphatic fluids
Cerebrospinal fluids
Protein-binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What properties help determine that ability of a drug to be distributed to the desired receptor site?

A

Drug solubility properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does hydrolysis break down?

A

esters, amides, nitriles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What uses REDEOX reactions for metabolism?

A

CYP450 enzymes in the liver

20
Q

How are most drugs excreted?

A

Kidneys

21
Q

When do most drugs fail?

A

Discovery phase

22
Q

what percent of drugs fail in clinical testing?

A

90%

23
Q

What is Lipinski Rule of 5 used for?

A

Used as a tool to measure a new chemical entity (NCE) potential bioavailability

24
Q

What is Lipinski Rule based on?

A

Hydrogen bond donors (typically amines and alcohols)
Hydrogen bond acceptors (total number of N, O) <10 total
Molecular weight (MW) <500
Calculated Partition Coefficient (cLogP) <5

25
Q

What does violation of two of lipinski rules indicate?

A

Predicts a new chemical entity (NCE) in non-orally available

26
Q

Which structural groups have been linked with increased toxicity?

A

Aromatic anilines
Nitroaromatics
Aliphatic halides
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Thiophenes

27
Q

Which type of molecules can use passive transport?

A

Small Drugs (< 50 Da)
Lipophilic Drugs (50 – 500 Da)

28
Q

Which drugs use active transport?

A

Ionized Drugs (> 50 Da)
greater the level of ionization the slower it is to cross into the membrane (less in unionized form)

29
Q

What does Da stand for?

A

grams/mol

30
Q

Why do we use Da when talking about proteins?

A

because proteins are so large

31
Q

What happens to active transport at high drug concentrations?

A

Transport plateaus due to limited number of transport proteins available

32
Q

aromatic anilines

A
33
Q

Nitroaromatics

A

Usually convert to aniline via metabolism

34
Q

Aliphatic Halides

A

Bad because they like to form covalent bonds
Halide adjacent to CH2

35
Q

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

A

more then 2 benzene rings (napthalene is fine)

cancer causing

36
Q

Thiophenes

A

Like to oxidize to toxic metabolites

37
Q

What kind of bonding do we want in drug molecules?

A

Hydrogen bonding: increases drug affinity for receptor

38
Q

What does it mean in regards to affinity if a drug has no H+ bonds?

A

Low affinity

39
Q

How many years does it take to get a drug from start to market?

A

13 years

40
Q

What are the 2 main reasons why drugs fail?

A

1) Pharmacokinetic stage (preclinical)

2) Lack of efficacy (need too much of drug to get desired response)

41
Q

What is LD50?

A

lethal dose in 50%
tested on animals
mg drug/ kg of body weight

42
Q

violation of more than ______ lipinski rule makes it a poor drug candidate?

A

1

43
Q

What is a cLOGp greater than 1?

A

Fat soluble compounds
(log >1 is actually 10)

44
Q

What is cLOGp less than 1?

A

More water soluble compounds

45
Q

What happens to a drug with increasing cLOGp?

A

More it struggles to be distributed in the body

46
Q

What are fluorines added to molecules for?

A

Prevent metabolism of compounds

47
Q

What does low % ionization mean?

A

more drug being absorbed

Chemistry (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions