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Chemistry > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the classes of biomolecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

What are carbohydrates responsible for?

A

Main energy source for biological function

polyhydroxylated (multiple hydroxyl groups)

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3
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Many essential functions, DNA replication, cell signaling, metabolic reactions, enzymatic reactions, and membrane transport

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4
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

hydrophobic structures responsible for membrane structure and energy storage

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5
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids?

A

storage and transfer of genetic information

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6
Q

How do carbohydrates provide energy?

A

They are highly oxygenated and provide energy through metabolism to ATP (glycolysis)

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7
Q

How can sugars/carbs be identified?

A

with the suffix -ose

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8
Q

How can a sugar be expressed in multiple units?

A

monosaccharide (1)
Disaccharide (2)
Polysaccharide (multiple)

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9
Q

At what point do you start using polysaccharide?

A

Up prefixes up to 10 then used poly

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10
Q

What is the difference between simple sugars and complex sugars?

A

simple sugars: straight chain and are easily broken down

complex sugars: sugars with branch chains not as easily broken down

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11
Q

How to tell if sugar is D -sugar or L-sugar?

A

Look at last hydroxyl group
(-OH)
Right side= D sugar
Left side= L sugar

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12
Q

Which sugar isomers are the natural sugars?

A

D sugars

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13
Q

What is the simplest sugar?

A

Glyceraldehyde

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14
Q

What is the difference between Fischer projections and Haworth projections?

A

Fischer projections are the open form of the sugar

Haworth projections are the closed form of the sugar (in a ring)

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15
Q

What so the sugars look like when they are diastereomers of eachother?

A

at least one OH group has changed the but not all of them

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16
Q

When is a sugar an Epimer of another sugar?

A

Only one OH has changed

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17
Q

When are sugars enantiomers?

A

All OH groups have switched sides

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18
Q

How do L-isomers look when in a structural Haworth projection?

A

Left side points up

Right side point down

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19
Q

What functional group is made when the last OH group circles to form a ring structure with the carbonyl group at the top?

A

Hemiacetal functional group

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20
Q

What are small biomolecules?

A

Sugars
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Nucleotides

21
Q

What makes up an amino acid?

A

Amine functional group

Carboxylic acid functional group

Side chain

22
Q

What bond links amino acids together

A

a type of amide bond called a peptide bond

23
Q

What causes the turns in the amino acid structure?

A

Proline

24
Q

What is the primary protein structure?

A

Amino acid sequence

25
Q

What is the secondary protein structure?

A

Fixed polypeptide backbone

Alpha helix and beta sheets

26
Q

What stabilizes alpha helixes?

A

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding

27
Q

What stabilizes beta sheets?

A

Intermolecular hydrogen bonding

28
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

Unique 3D shape held together by ionic bonding between charged side chains or amino acids

29
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

Arrangement of multiple subunits into a larger structure

30
Q

What bonds are present in tertiary and quaternary protein structures?

A

Ionic bonding

Hydrogen bonding

Dispersion forces

31
Q

What are the groups of lipids?

A

Fatty acids
Glycerides
Non glycerides
Complex

32
Q

What are the 2 types of fatty acids?

A

Saturated (no double bonds)
Unsaturated (double bonds)

33
Q

What are eicosanoids and some examples?

A

Structurally related to hormone like biomolecules synthesized from arachadonic acid

No transport required

PG, leukotrienes, thromboxanes

34
Q

What is the structure of a glyceride lipid?

A

3 member glycerol backbone with fatty acid attached

35
Q

What is the role of glycerides?

A

Energy storage (more energy per gram than sugars)

lipid bilayer

36
Q

Neutral vs ionic glycerides:

A

Neutral: triglycerides

Ionic: phosphoglyceride (negative charge on oxygen)

37
Q

What are the different non-glycerides?

A

Spingolipids

Steroids

Waxes

38
Q

What are sphingolipids?

A

In CNS tissue development, cell recognition, adhesions, toxin receptors

39
Q

What are steroids?

A

Group of non-glyceride lipid called isoprenoids

Responsible for signaling

40
Q

What are waxes?

A

Non-glyceride

Esters of fatty acids

Naturally found as protective coatings for plants/animals

41
Q

Examples of complex lipids:

A

Lipoproteins- VLDL, LDL, HDL

Glycoproteins-membrane stability, intercellular interactions, site for pathogens to enter

42
Q

What makes up a nucleic acid?

A

Heteroaromatic base

Ribose

Phosphate group

43
Q

What is the end of a peptide called?

A

C-terminus: the ending carboxylic acid

44
Q

What is the beginning of a peptide chain called?

A

N-terminus: amine functional group (usually NH2)

45
Q

When do amino acids have positive charge?

A

The pH is less than the isoelectric point

46
Q

What is it called when amino acid pH has a net charge of 0?

A

Zwitterionic form

47
Q

When do amino acids have a negative charge?

A

When the pH is greater than the isoelectric point

48
Q

What is the natural form of amino acids ?

A

L-amino acids

49
Q

How can you tell if an amino acid is D or L?

A

NH2 group is:

Right side or on the dash= D amino acid

Left side or on a wedge= L amino acid

Chemistry (18 decks)

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