Enzymatic Reactions Flashcards
What are nucleophiles?
electron rich species
anions, heteroatom atoms with lone pairs
What are elecrophiles?
electron poor
carbocations, carbonyl groups–receive electrons
What is a catalyst?
Used to help increase rate of reaction
also increases specificity
What do biochemical reactions use as catalysts?
Enzymes and cofactors
What is spontaneity?
whether a reaction is favorable to occur
What are the 3 things that contribute to spontaneity?
Entropy
Enthalpy
Temperature
What is entropy vs enthalpy?
Entropy: disorder
Enthalpy: energy in bonds (want negative energy because that means its giving off energy)
Would this reaction be spontaneous?
positive energy and orderly
no, this is non spontaneous
When does temperature play a role in spontaneity?
When mixed favorability of entropy and enthalpy
Delta G is positive:
Non spontaneous reaction
Delta G is negative:
Spontaneous reaction
Are biochemical reactions usually spontaneous?
No, usually non spontaneous and use catalysts
What is one of the most common types of reactions?
Acid/Base rxn
Are enzymes used in acid base reactions?
Usually enzymes are not needed in acid base rxns
What is the typical product of acid/base reactions?
Some type of reactive species
How do you classify bronsted lowry acids and bases?
Need to have H
H+ donor is the acid
H+ acceptor is the base
How are lewis acid and bases classified?
Look at electrons
Electron donor is the base
electron acceptor is the acid
What is an acytl group?
C-C-O (-)
What enzymes is used for REDOX reactions?
Oxidoreductase
What is a characteristic of redox reactions?
increase in bonds to O or N and decrease in H bonds
Increase in H bonds and decrease in O and N bonds
What enzyme does isomerization reaction use?
Isomerase
How to classify isomerization?
Both reactant and “product” will have same amount of atoms per element in formula
How do catalysts increase reaction rate?
They lower energy of activation
Are catalysts consumed during the reaction?
No, the continue to speed up other reactions repetitively
How are chemical catalysts different than biological catalysts?
Chemical catalysts degrade over time
biological catalysts do no degrade
What are the characteristics of enzymes?
Efficient
Specific
regulation
What type of bonding do enzymes use?
H+ bonding
What allows enzymes to overcome entropy?
Change in structure when bound to the substrate allows the enzyme to overcome entropy
shift in structure creates disorder
What are cofactors?
non protein component required for enzyme to perform role
binds with enzyme
What are the types of cofactors?
Inorganic
Organic
Examples of inorganic cofactors:
Ion: Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Mb
Examples of organic cofactors (coenzymes):
B vitamins–from diet
Do all enzymes need cofactors?
No
What enzyme is used in substitution reactions?
transferases
Enzyme used in elimination rxn:
Lyase
Enzyme used in addition rxn:
Ligase
What enzyme is used in acyl substitution rxn?
Hydrolases when water is used
Otherwise transferases
what enzyme is involved in soap making?
Hydrolases
