Enzymatic Reactions

Question 1

What are nucleophiles?

Answer 1

electron rich species

anions, heteroatom atoms with lone pairs

Question 2

What are elecrophiles?

Answer 2

electron poor

carbocations, carbonyl groups–receive electrons

Question 3

What is a catalyst?

Answer 3

Used to help increase rate of reaction

also increases specificity

Question 4

What do biochemical reactions use as catalysts?

Answer 4

Enzymes and cofactors

Question 5

What is spontaneity?

Answer 5

whether a reaction is favorable to occur

Question 6

What are the 3 things that contribute to spontaneity?

Answer 6

Entropy
Enthalpy
Temperature

Question 7

What is entropy vs enthalpy?

Answer 7

Entropy: disorder
Enthalpy: energy in bonds (want negative energy because that means its giving off energy)

Question 8

Would this reaction be spontaneous?

positive energy and orderly

Answer 8

no, this is non spontaneous

Question 9

When does temperature play a role in spontaneity?

Answer 9

When mixed favorability of entropy and enthalpy

Question 10

Delta G is positive:

Answer 10

Non spontaneous reaction

Question 11

Delta G is negative:

Answer 11

Spontaneous reaction

Question 12

Are biochemical reactions usually spontaneous?

Answer 12

No, usually non spontaneous and use catalysts

Question 13

What is one of the most common types of reactions?

Answer 13

Acid/Base rxn

Question 14

Are enzymes used in acid base reactions?

Answer 14

Usually enzymes are not needed in acid base rxns

Question 15

What is the typical product of acid/base reactions?

Answer 15

Some type of reactive species

Question 16

How do you classify bronsted lowry acids and bases?

Answer 16

Need to have H

H+ donor is the acid

H+ acceptor is the base

Question 17

How are lewis acid and bases classified?

Answer 17

Look at electrons

Electron donor is the base

electron acceptor is the acid

Question 18

What is an acytl group?

Answer 18

C-C-O (-)

Question 19

What enzymes is used for REDOX reactions?

Answer 19

Oxidoreductase

Question 20

What is a characteristic of redox reactions?

Answer 20

increase in bonds to O or N and decrease in H bonds

Increase in H bonds and decrease in O and N bonds

Question 21

What enzyme does isomerization reaction use?

Answer 21

Isomerase

Question 22

How to classify isomerization?

Answer 22

Both reactant and “product” will have same amount of atoms per element in formula

Question 23

How do catalysts increase reaction rate?

Answer 23

They lower energy of activation

Question 24

Are catalysts consumed during the reaction?

Answer 24

No, the continue to speed up other reactions repetitively

Question 25

How are chemical catalysts different than biological catalysts?

Answer 25

Chemical catalysts degrade over time

biological catalysts do no degrade

Question 26

What are the characteristics of enzymes?

Answer 26

Efficient
Specific
regulation

Question 27

What type of bonding do enzymes use?

Answer 27

H+ bonding

Question 28

What allows enzymes to overcome entropy?

Answer 28

Change in structure when bound to the substrate allows the enzyme to overcome entropy

shift in structure creates disorder

Question 29

What are cofactors?

Answer 29

non protein component required for enzyme to perform role

binds with enzyme

Question 30

What are the types of cofactors?

Answer 30

Inorganic
Organic

Question 31

Examples of inorganic cofactors:

Answer 31

Ion: Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Mb

Question 32

Examples of organic cofactors (coenzymes):

Answer 32

B vitamins–from diet

Question 33

Do all enzymes need cofactors?

Answer 33

No

Question 34

What enzyme is used in substitution reactions?

Answer 34

transferases

Question 35

Enzyme used in elimination rxn:

Answer 35

Lyase

Question 36

Enzyme used in addition rxn:

Answer 36

Ligase

Question 37

What enzyme is used in acyl substitution rxn?

Answer 37

Hydrolases when water is used

Otherwise transferases

Question 38

what enzyme is involved in soap making?

Answer 38

Hydrolases