Pharmacology - Adverse Effects Flashcards
What is a side effect?
an adverse effect occurring within the drug’s therapeutic range.
What is an idiosyncratic reaction?
an adverse reaction due to genetic changes - usually involving a change in enzyme activity
What effect do beta blockers have on vasoconstrictors in anesthetic?
increase vasoconstrictor response to epi, but lessen the tachycardic response to epi
What effect do alpha blockers have on vasoconstrictors?
inhibit vasoconstrictor response to epi and levonordefren
MAO inhibitors should NOT be used with what other drugs?
Opioids, amphetamines, ephedrine, or tyramine
What is used to reverse local anesthetic?
phentolamine
What are side effects of anti-psychotics?
orthostatic hypotension, photosensitivity, and arrhythmias (i.e. long QT syndrome)
Tricyclics (antidepressants) can cause what adverse effect?
xerostomia
Lithium (anti-mania) can cause what due to toxicity?
Hypothyroidism, arrhythmias, hypotension, polyuria
What are some adverse effects of Phenytoin (anti-epileptic)?
gingival hyperplasia, hyperglycemia, lymphadenopathy, osteomalacia, hirsutism (abnormal hair growth patterns)
Problems with ______ can occur with carbamazepine.
vision
Valproic acid may cause what adverse reaction with women trying to have kids?
spina bifida
What are some adverse effects of Selegiline (anti-Parkinson’s)?
Dry mouth, insomnia, anxiety, toxicity of SSRI while taken together
Levodopa (anti-Parkinson’s) can cause what adverse effects?
dyskinesia, tachycardia, and therapeutic effect decrease with disease progression
What can increase toxicity of local anesthetics when used together?
opioids
What happens if nitrous oxide is not removed from the system by 3-5 minutes of oxygen?
diffusion hypoxia
What are contraindications for using nitrous oxide?
head injury, recent chest trauma, bowel obstruction, undiagnosed abdominal pain, hypotension, COPD, vitreoretinal surgery w/ intraocular gas, or inability of pt to communicate/follow commands
Class I anti-arrhythmic drugs can cause what adverse effects?
torsades de pointes
Amiodarone (Class III anti-arrhythmic) can cause what adverse skin reaction?
skin discoloration
Adenosine (anti-arrhythmic) can cause what adverse reactions?
asthma, dyspnea
Epinephrine and Digitalis together can cause what adverse reaction?
Ventricular arrhythmia
Alpha-blockers can cause what adverse effects?
hypotension, syncope, tachycardia, dry mouth
Calcium-channel blockers can cause what adverse effects?
headaches, hypotension, gingival hyperplasia
ACE inhibitors cause 10% of people to have this reaction?
coughing
What effects can ACE inhibitors cause?
altered taste, angioneurotic edema in rare cases, and cough in 10% of users
Loop diuretics can cause what two things to happen with your ears?
Tinnitus, hearing loss
What two adverse effects can statin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor) drugs cause?
myalgia, impotence
