Pharmacology - Adverse Effects

Question 1

What is a side effect?

Answer 1

an adverse effect occurring within the drug’s therapeutic range.

Question 2

What is an idiosyncratic reaction?

Answer 2

an adverse reaction due to genetic changes - usually involving a change in enzyme activity

Question 3

What effect do beta blockers have on vasoconstrictors in anesthetic?

Answer 3

increase vasoconstrictor response to epi, but lessen the tachycardic response to epi

Question 4

What effect do alpha blockers have on vasoconstrictors?

Answer 4

inhibit vasoconstrictor response to epi and levonordefren

Question 5

MAO inhibitors should NOT be used with what other drugs?

Answer 5

Opioids, amphetamines, ephedrine, or tyramine

Question 6

What is used to reverse local anesthetic?

Answer 6

phentolamine

Question 7

What are side effects of anti-psychotics?

Answer 7

orthostatic hypotension, photosensitivity, and arrhythmias (i.e. long QT syndrome)

Question 8

Tricyclics (antidepressants) can cause what adverse effect?

Answer 8

xerostomia

Question 9

Lithium (anti-mania) can cause what due to toxicity?

Answer 9

Hypothyroidism, arrhythmias, hypotension, polyuria

Question 10

What are some adverse effects of Phenytoin (anti-epileptic)?

Answer 10

gingival hyperplasia, hyperglycemia, lymphadenopathy, osteomalacia, hirsutism (abnormal hair growth patterns)

Question 11

Problems with ______ can occur with carbamazepine.

Answer 11

vision

Question 12

Valproic acid may cause what adverse reaction with women trying to have kids?

Answer 12

spina bifida

Question 13

What are some adverse effects of Selegiline (anti-Parkinson’s)?

Answer 13

Dry mouth, insomnia, anxiety, toxicity of SSRI while taken together

Question 14

Levodopa (anti-Parkinson’s) can cause what adverse effects?

Answer 14

dyskinesia, tachycardia, and therapeutic effect decrease with disease progression

Question 15

What can increase toxicity of local anesthetics when used together?

Answer 15

opioids

Question 16

What happens if nitrous oxide is not removed from the system by 3-5 minutes of oxygen?

Answer 16

diffusion hypoxia

Question 17

What are contraindications for using nitrous oxide?

Answer 17

head injury, recent chest trauma, bowel obstruction, undiagnosed abdominal pain, hypotension, COPD, vitreoretinal surgery w/ intraocular gas, or inability of pt to communicate/follow commands

Question 18

Class I anti-arrhythmic drugs can cause what adverse effects?

Answer 18

torsades de pointes

Question 19

Amiodarone (Class III anti-arrhythmic) can cause what adverse skin reaction?

Answer 19

skin discoloration

Question 20

Adenosine (anti-arrhythmic) can cause what adverse reactions?

Answer 20

asthma, dyspnea

Question 21

Epinephrine and Digitalis together can cause what adverse reaction?

Answer 21

Ventricular arrhythmia

Question 22

Alpha-blockers can cause what adverse effects?

Answer 22

hypotension, syncope, tachycardia, dry mouth

Question 23

Calcium-channel blockers can cause what adverse effects?

Answer 23

headaches, hypotension, gingival hyperplasia

Question 24

ACE inhibitors cause 10% of people to have this reaction?

Answer 24

coughing

Question 25

What effects can ACE inhibitors cause?

Answer 25

altered taste, angioneurotic edema in rare cases, and cough in 10% of users

Question 26

Loop diuretics can cause what two things to happen with your ears?

Answer 26

Tinnitus, hearing loss

Question 27

What two adverse effects can statin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor) drugs cause?

Answer 27

myalgia, impotence