Pharmacology Flashcards
Drug that can cause facial flushing and pleuritis
Niacin (adenosine can also cause flushing)
Statins inhibit
HMG CoA Reductase
What is the name of the one ganglionic blocker that we need to know for the CV system?
Trimethaphan
Which artery supplies the SA and AV nodes?
RCA
Drug that can cause myalgia, myopathy, and hepatotoxicity
Statins
What is Mecamylamine (Inversine) used for clinically?
Mecamylamine (Inversine) is an orhpan drug that is FDA approved for Tourette’s syndrome, a nicotinic-responsive psychiatric disorder.
When do coronary arteries fill?
During diastole
Prevents absorption of Cho in gut
Ezetimibe
On what type of receptors do ganglionic blockers act as antagonists?
Ganglionic blockers are antagonists of the cholinergic nicotinic (Nn) receptors (henceforth knows as nAchR).
What inhibits the Na/K ATPase creating less extracellular Ca and more intracellular thus increasing contractility?
Digoxin/digitalis
Example of IA anti arrhythmic drugs.
procainamide
What neurotransmitter do ganglionic blockers antagonize?
acetylcholine (Ach)
How to calculate EF?
What heart can pump out over what can hold. SV/EDV.
Mech and result of IA arrhythmic drugs.
block of Na channel (as well as K). This prolongs AP.
What is the mechanism of action for ganglionic blockers?
They compete with Ach for receptor binding. When they bind, they prevent the opening of Na+ and K+ channels (preventing depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane by the initial ESPS)
2 Equations for CO
CO = SV X HR. CO= rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 - Venous O2)
Drugs that can disrupt digoxin?
Quinidine and Verapamil
How are nAchR different in structure/function than muscarinic Ach receptors (mAchR)?
The nAchR are ligand-gated ion channels whereas the mAchR are G protein receptors
Equation for SV
EDV-ESV
What is the reversing agent for Digoxin?
Antibody for Digoxin
Where are nAchR located (pre- or postganglionic as well as where in the body)?
nAchR are present on the post-ganglionic membrane in the somatic nerves, skeletal muscle, sympathetic chain ganglia (autonomic ganglia), the adrenal medulla, and certain areas in the brain.
Do polycythemia, hyper proteinemic states, hereditary spherocytosis increase or decrease resistance in vessel?
Increase resistance because increase viscosity.
What is dobutamine and what does it do?
Beta 1 agonist. Increases HR and Contractility
Why aren’t ganglionic blockers used much clinically?
Lots of side effect. The inhibition of nAchRs cause global effects (as seen by all the places nAchR are present). It’s hard to address the action against one ganglia and not the others.
S3 heart sound
rapid ventricular filling. Dilated cardiomyopathy(ventricles) CHF, Mitral regurg, Left to right shunt.
Adenosine is drug of choice for
Supraventricular Tachycardia (Such as AV Nodal)
What do the electrical events subsequent to the initial EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential) modulate?
The electrical events subsequent to the initial EPSP are thought to modulate the probability that a subsequent EPSP will reach the threshold potential (they modulate how soon the postsynaptic ganglion can receive its next signal).
S4 heart sound (right before S1)
High atrial pressure. LVH with atrial kick. Hypertrophic cardimyopathy, aortic stenosis, chronic HTN with LVH, after MI.
Example of IB anti-arrhythmic drugs.
Lidocaine
What is the predominate tone of arterioles and what is the effect of ganglionic blockage?
The predominate tone of arterioles is sympathetic (adrenergic) and the effects of ganglionic blockage are vasodilation, increased peripheral blood flow, hypotension.
At Carter’s Xing Vehicles Yield
JVP Pulse order.
Mech and result of IB anti-arrhythmic drugs.
Blocks Na. AP shortened.
What is the predominate tone of veins and what is the effect of ganglionic blockage?
The predominate tone of veins is sympathetic (adrenergic) and the effects of ganglionic blockage are dilation, peripheral pooling of blood, decreased venous return, and decreased cardiac output.
Normal S2 splitting happens with….
inspiration because it causes more venous return to right ventricle (negative pressure in chest due to diaphragm lowering) so pulmonic valve takes longer to close than aortic
IB useful in what condition
Acute ischemic ventricular arrythmia
What is the predominate tone of the heart and what is the effect of ganglionic blockage?
The predominate tone of the heart is parasympathetic (cholinergic) and the effect of ganglionic blockage is tachycardia.
Phase zero of cardiac action potential
Upstroke, voltage gated Na+ channels open. Sodium channel blockers would affect this.
What is an example of IC anti-arrhythmic drugs.
Flecainide (Encainide and Propafenone)
Do ganglionic blockers block the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, or both?
Both.
Phase one of cardiac action potential
inactivation of sodium channels, K+ channels begin to open.
When are IC anti arrhythmic drugs.usually used?
When others have not worked. These are potentially dangerious. Contraindicated post MI.
What are the specific adverse effects of using ganglionic blockers?
Loss of cholinergic function of the sympathetic nervous system (orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, and arrythmias) as well as loss of cholinergic function of the parasympathetic nervous system (blurred vision, double vision, asthma secondary to histamine release, dry mouth, constipation, paralytic ileus, nausea/vomiting, urinary retention, impotence, drowsiness, seizures, hallucinations, tremor, confusion, and neuromuscular blockade).
Phase 2 of cardiac action potential
Calcium influx through voltage gated calcium channels. Plateau.
What must happen to stop angina? (2 things)
Raise Oxygen delivery or Lower oxygen demand
Phase 3 of cardiac action potential
Rapid repolarization with massive efflux of K+ with opening of voltage gated slow K+ channels and closing of Ca2+ channels. Potassium channel blockes would affect this.
What are some alpha-2 agonists? (2)
clonidine and methyldopa
Phase 4 of cardiac action potential
RMP with K+ permeability.
What is mech of alpha-2?
Decreases sympathetic outflow in CNS.
Pacemaker action potential
Phase 4- RMP (K+ permeable). Na+ channels gradually open until threshold causes opening of voltage gated Ca2+ channels and phase 0 happens (upstroke). No plateua and now Potassium brings it back doen in phase 3.
What are some ganglion blocking drugs?
Hexamethonium and Trimethaphan
What inhibits phase zero of pacemaker action potential?
Calcium channel blockers.
What is a drug that depletes nerve terminals of NE stores?
Reserpine
What suppresses the slope of phase 4 in pacemaker action potential.
Beta blockers.
Mech of hydralazine and nitroprusside
Vasoldilate by NO release
4 classes of antiarrhythmics
No Bad Boy Keeps Clean. 1- Na+, 2- Beta Blockers. 3-K+. 4- Calcium channel blockers.
Mech of minoxidil and diazoxide
Vasodilate by Hyperpolarizing vasc smooth muscle cells by opening K channels
Sodium channel blockers
Class 1 antiarrhythmics. Increase slope of phase 0 for cardiac action potential (sodium depolarization) so increase refractory period thus decreasing heart rate
Mech of Verapamil, Dilitiazem, and nifedipine
Vasodilate by reducing Ca influx.
Sodium channel blocker used for Wolf Parkinson White
Procainamide. Can cause SLE (antihistone antibodies).
What is the mechanism and result of Digoxin?
Ionotrope. Blocks Na/K Atpase. W/o gradient, Ca stays in cell. Increase contractility. Also can increase Vagal activity.
Quinidine toxicity
Cinchonism (headache and tinnitus), thrombocytopenia, torsades (arrhythmia).
What other kind of drug can negatively interact with digoxin use?
Diuretics. Verapamil and Quinidine
Beta blockers
Class 2 antiarrhythics. Suppress abnormal pacemakers by decreasing slope of phase 4 (Calcium influx).
Nitroprusside, Diazoxide, and Labetalol are useful in
acute events (fast and short acting). Nitroprusside has very fast duration.
Sotalol and amiodarone
Class 3 antiarrhythmics. Potassium channel blockers. Used for atrial fib. Amiodarone for WPW.
Example of ACE inhibitor
captopril (Enalapril, fosinopril)
Pulmonary fibrosis, hepatotoxicity, hypo/hyperthryoidism are side effects of……
Amiodarone. Check PFTs, LFTs, TFTs
Example of ARB
Losartan (Valsartan)
Class 3 antiarrhythmics
K+ channel blockers. Class 3 phase 3…. (repolarization due to K+)
Example of renin inhibitor
Aliskiren
Verapamil and diltiazem
Class 4 antiarrhythmics, Calcium channel blockers. Non-Dihydropyridine CCB’s. Prolong phase 0 of pacemaker cells (depolarization due to calcium).
Which drug can cause excessive hair?
Minoxidil (hairy like an Ox)
Adenosine
Pushes K+ out of cells hyperpolarizing the cell and preventing depolarization causing flat line. Diagnose and abolish supraventricular tachycardia.
Which drugs can cause lupus-like syndrome? (2)
Hydralazine and Procainamide
Conduction delay through AV node on ECG
PR interval
Which drugs should definitely not be used with asthmatics?
Beta blockers (can constriction of airways)
Mechanical contraction of ventricles on ECG
QT interval
Which drug can cause a + Coombs test?
Methyldopa
T wave inversion on ECG
Indicative of MI
What set of drugs have highest risk for postural hypotension? (orthostatic)
Because this is due to venous pooling, alpha blockers can cause this. (alpha-1 selective)
QRS complex
Depolarization of ventricles. Less than 3 little boxes (120 msec).
Chronic cough most often occurs from which HTN drug?
ACE inhibitor (Captopril)
Drugs which can prolong QT interval (possibly leading to torsades)
Macrolides (erithromycin), haloperidol and risperidone, methadone, protease inhibitors, chloroquine and primaquine, antiarrhythmics.
Which HTN drug can cause hyperglycemia?
Diazoxide. (hyperpolarizer due to open K channels)
How to treat torsades
magnesium
What HTN drugs can cause constipation?
Verapamil and Nifedipine
Electrical signal not going through AV node
Wolf Parkinson White
Which two kinds of HTN drugs can cause renal damage in patients with prexisting renal vasc disease or in fetus?
ACE inhibitors and ARBs
Early ventricular depolarization with a delta wave on ECG
Wolf Parkinson White can lead to reentry current and supraventricular tachycardia.
Nitrates release what powerful vasodilator
NO
How to treat WPW
Procainamide (NA channel blocker), Amiodarone (calcium channel blocker)
Nitrites can cause what effect that can counteract cyanide poisoning?
Methemglobinemia
Irregularly irregular ECG with no discrete P waves how do you treat?
Atrial fibrillation and treat with Digoxin with beta blocker or CCB
Verapamil and dilitiazem cause vasoldilation as well as what other effect in the heart?
Reduction of rate and contractility of heart. Useful in AV node arrhythmias as well.
Sawtooth appearance on ECG how do you treat?
Atrial flutter so use Na+ channel blocker or K+ channel blocker (Sotalol and amiodarone).
Ca blockers are useful in which types of angina?
Effort and vasospastic (usually as prophyactics)
Completely erratic rhythm with no identifiable waves
Ventricular fibrillation. Leads to death.
Are beta blockers used as prophylactics or in acute attacks for angina?
prophylactic. More effective in effort angina, not vasospastic.
Which baroreceptor (and which nerve is it on) responds to only increase in BP
Aortic arch (vagus nerve)
Using beta blockers can help with nitrate therapy by?
Blocking compensatory effects from the vasodilation of nitrates.
Which baroreceptor (and which nerve is it on) responds to both increase or decrease in BP
Carotid sinus (glossopharyngeal nerve)
What drugs can cause a throbbing headache?
Nitrates (hypotension and meningeal vasodilation).
HTN, bradycardia, respiratory depression. Also what kind of receptors are this sensed by.
Cushing triad due to Increased ICP sensed by CHEMORECEPTORS.
What is the major common determinant of oxygen consumption in myocardium?
Myocardial fiber tension
What releases NO which can lead to vasodilation?
Endothelial Cells.
Which Beta blocker has a very short action?
Esmolol
What stimulates endothelial cells to release NO leading to vasodilation?
Bradykinin, Ach, alpha 2 agonist, histamine, serotonin, shear stress
Toursade de pointes can be caused by drugs that do what?
Prolong the QT interval
Inhibits cGMP phosphodiesterase
Sildenafil. Leading to more cGMP and thus more vasodilation.
Which part of the conduction systems is especially sensitive to Beta Blockers
AV Node
Which drug do you give for HTN but patient has renal stones?
Thiazide diuretics because thiazides retain Ca. Loops lose calcium so don’t give with renal stones.
What are some examples of class III anti-arrhythmic drugs?
Sotalol, Ibutilide, Dofetilide, Amiodarone (kind of)
Which drug increases cGMP (decreasing afterload because it works on arterioles>veins) for use for HTN in pregnancy
Hydralazine
What is the effect of Class III drugs and how is it accomplished?
Prolongation of the AP by blocking K channels that would be be repolarizing the cell. This also raises the refractory period to help inhibit rapid tachycardias.
What drug is a K+ channel opener relaxing hyperpolarizing and relaxing vascular smooth vessels for use in HTN?
minoxidil (hypertrichosis side effect)
Which class III drug can cause Toursade de Pointes and signs of Beta blockade?
Sotalol (Procainamide IA also can)
Calcium channel blocker for use in HTN (reduces vascular smooth muscle contraction)
Nifedipine (verapamil and diltiazem are antiarrhythmics at the heart).
What is considered to be the most effective antiarrhythmic drug and why?
Amiodarone. It has a variety of mechanisms (blocks K, Na, Ca, and Beta receptors). This broad spectrum also make it very dangerous to be used.
With smooth muscle spasm (prinzmetal’s angina, raynaud’s) what kinds of drug do you use?
Dihydropyridine Ca Channel Blocker (-dipines)
What are some toxicities of Amiodarone?(4)
Microcrystalline deposits in cornea and skin, thyroid dysfunction (hyper or hypo), paresthesias, tremor, and pulmonary fibrosis.
Releases NO in endothelial cells of smooth muscles (increasing cGMP) dilating veins more than arteries and decreasing preload.
Nitroglycerin
What kind of levels of K can cause Procainamide toxicity?
Hyperkalemia
What drug can cause cyanide toxicity and vasodilates both arterioles and veins for use in malignant HTN?
Nitroprusside. (labetolol also used in malignant HTN)
Administration of what can help with procainamide toxicity?
Sodium lactate
What antihypertensive drug has a first dose orthostatic hypotension?
Alpha Blockers (-zosins)
If a patient has a supraventricular tachycardia (AV Nodal) what might your drug and second drug of choice be?
Adenosine (less toxic) or Ca channel blockers.
What anti-HTN drugs are ototoxic (especially with aminoglycosides)?
Loop Diuretics. And loops lose calcium.
What drug can cause Cinchonism?
Quinidine (made from chinchona tree)
What class of anti-HTN drugs can cause angioedema (swollen lips, eyes, face)?
ACE inhibitors
What class of drugs can reduce Na channels and decrease APs in ischemic tissue?
IB drugs. Mexiletine can be given orally.
Anti HTN drugs that can result in hypercalcemia, hypokalemia?
Thiazide diuretics. Thiazides DON’t lose CA2+.
Which anti-arrhythmic drug has the longest half life?
Amiodarone.
First line treatment for aortic dissection?
Beta blockers.
Which hyperlipids drugs are contraindicated in pregnancies?
HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors (statins) can be teratogens.
Tearing chest pain radiating to the back (or scapula), CXR shows mediastinum widening?
Aortic Dissection
What does gemfibrozil do to lipoprotein lipase?
Increases is by interacting with the PPAR-alpha. This drops VLDL synthesis (lowers triglycerides).
Main risk factor for AAA?
Atherosclerosis of descending aorta (most common site)
What can chronic OH use do to lipid panels?
Increase VLDL and TGs. (risk of pancreatitis). Strangely, it also can raise HDL.
To have angina must have narrowing of at least…..
75% of Coronary Artery
Which hyper lipids drug can exacerbate gout and glucose intolerance?
niacin
What drugs lower LDL the most?
HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors (statins)
If a patient has normal Cholesterol levels and high Triglycerides, what might be a good drug choice?
Gemfibrozil (fibric acid derivatives)
Side effects of statins?
Rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown), hepatotoxicity (increased LFT’s), myositis (muscle inflammation), myalgia (muscle pain)
What is preferred HTN drug for someone with diabetes?
ACE Inh. provided kidney is functioning.
What drug raises HDL the most?
Niacin
Which drugs can not only lower systemic BP but also minimize occurrence of vasospasm?
nondihydropyridine class of Ca blockers: Verapamil and Diltiazem. Dihydrppyridines (nifedipine) will lower BP by vasoldilation, but are more likely to cause compensatory mechanisms that will negate the desired change.
Red, flushed face, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia side effects
Niacin
What compensatory effects might come from hydralazine use and what could correct them?
- Heart symp activation - Beta blockers 2. Renin Angiotensis system- Diuretic
Drug that tastes really bad and lowers LDL
Bile acid resines(cholestyramine)
What types of K levels can have adverse effects with digoxin?
hypokalemic
What drug causes liver to use more cholesterol?
Bile acid resins (block intestinal reabsorption of bile acids so liver must use cholesterol to make more)
What drug is potentially dangerous to use in a patient with vasospasms?
Beta blockers. This can remove the ability of the body to dialate using B receptors.
What drug can cause cholesterol gallstones?
Bile acid resins
What potentially dangerous metabolite can come from nitroprusside?
cyanide
Which drug blocks cholesterol absorption? (Blocks at small intestine brush border.)
Ezetimibe.
Discontinuation of what drug can cause a “rebound” rise in BP?
Clonidine
Which drugs decrease triglycerides most?
Fibrates
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels
Alpha-1 Agonist, Alpha-2 Agonist
Which drug upregulates LPL?
Fibrates
Hypotension RVLM
Alpha-2 Agonist
What can lead to pancreatitis?
Increased TG’s.
Cardiac Stimulation (Increased HR/contractility)
Beta-1 Agonist
Which lipid lowering drug binds to C. Dificile?
Cholestyramine (bile acid resin)
How can you prevent the flushing reaction of Niacin?
Aspirin
Dilation of blood vessels
Beta-2 Agonist
Which anti-HTN drug can cause hyperkalemia?
ACE inhibitors. Don’t have us much aldosterone which helps excrete potassium.
Inhibition of NE release (adrenergic nerve)
Alpha-2, Beta-2 Agonist
Chest pain at rest (secondary to coronary artery spasm) with ST elevation on ECG?
Prinzmetal’s angina
Decreased GI motility & tone
Alpha-1 Agonist
How to treat prinzmetal’s angina?
Nifedipine (dihydropyridine ca channel blockers.
Stimulation of glycogenolysis (Liver)
Alpha-1 Agonist
What most commonly leads to aortic dissection?
HTN
Contraction of sphincter muscle (GI, Bladder, Radial muscle in eye)
Alpha-1 Agonist
What can lead to sharp chest pain that is relieved by sitting forward?
Pericarditis which can be caused by Rheumatic fever among other conditions. Also fibrinous pericarditis from an MI (presents with friction rub).
Best treatment for angina?
Nitrates + Beta blockers
Decreased GI motility & tone
Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta-1, Beta-2 Agonist
Contraction bands seen…….
at least 2 hours since MI.
Inhibition of insulin release (pancreas)
Alpha-2 Agonist
What are the cells of acute inflammation in an MI (2-4 days)
Neutrophils
Inhibition of lipolysis (fat cell)
Alpha-2 Agonist
What kind of necrosis occurs in an MI?
Coagulative necrosis
Platelet Aggregation
Alpha-2 Agonist
Compression of heart by blood leaking into pericardium
Cardiac Tamponade.
Fatty acid mobilization (adipose tissue)
Beta-1 Agonist
Cells of inflammation in an MI 5-10 days after?
Macrophages come in and degrade things.
Increased Renin release (kidney)
Beta-1 Agonist
After 10 days from an MI at risk for……..
Ventricular aneurysm at bulging scar.
Increased Insulin secretion (pancreas)
Beta-2 Agonist
When does toponin I rise after an MI?
After 4 hours and elevated 7-10 days.
Glycongenolysis/Gluconeogenesis (Liver/Muscle)
Beta-2 Agonist
ECG changes of ST elevation can indicate what type of MI?
Transmural infarct
Increased Glucagon secretion
Beta-2 Agonist
ECG changes of ST depression can indicate what type of MI?
Subendocardial infarct/
Relaxation of bronchial sm. muscle, bladder detrussor muscle, pregnant uterus
Beta-2 Agonist
ECG changes of t wave inversion can indicate what type of MI?
Transmural infarct
Inhibition of ACh release (parasympathetic nerve)
Alpha-2 Agonist
What persists on ECG weeks after MI?
Q wave
Most specific marker of an MI (gold standard).
Troponin I
Inhibition of 5-HT release (serotonergic nerve)
Alpha-2 Agonist
Severe MI then five days later have mitral regurg what happened?
Macrophages came and degraded things and we had rupture of the papillary muscle.
Conducting Tissue and EKG
Direct action on B1 receptors
What drugs directly aid conversion of plasminogen to plasmin (which degrades fibrin)?
Thrombolytics. Streptokinase, Urokinase, tPA.
Epinephrine
Decrease threshold of depolarization of SA node
When do you use thrombolytics?
STEMI MI.
Increase in HR (B1 action)
Isoproteronol >>> Epinephrine
What do you treat thrombolytic toxicity?
Aminocaproic acid
Isoproterenol
increased excitability and automaticity shortens refractory period elevation, flattening, or inversion of T wave
What does aspirin do?
Irreverisbly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 to prevent conversion of arachidonic acid to thromboxane A2 (clotting).
NE
sinus bradycardia A-V dissociation Ventricular tachycardia
How do you treat aspirin toxicity?
NaHCO3
NE Reflex
Decrease in HR due to marked increase in BP Most prominent with A1 agonists
What do Clopidogrel and Ticlopidine do?
ADP receptor blockers which inhibits platelet aggregation. Inhibits figrinogen binding by preventing glycoprotein IIb/IIIa expression
Phase 0 (EKG)
Sharp depolarization due to Na+ influx
Which drugs inhibit platelet aggregation by preventing glycoprotein IIb/IIIa expression? (what other drug also does this)
Clopidogrel and Ticlopidine. Abciximab is the other drug (monoclonal ab binds glycoprotein Iib/IIIa receptor).
Phase 1 (EKG)
Sharp hyperpolarization, then flattening Ca++ influx
Which drug inhibits platelet aggregation by binging to the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor on activated platelets?
Abciximab
Balloon appearance on x ray of heart (big and circular)?
Dilated Cardiomyopathy.
Most common cause of US of myocarditis?
Coxsackie Virus. (also eckovirus and influenza virus)
Lymphocytes with myocyte necrosis?
Myocarditis (viral infection).
Cause of sudden death in young athletes?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Disoriented, tangled, hypertrophied myocardial fibers?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
What can you hear with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
S4 heart sound.
Endomyocardial fibrosis with eosinophilic infiltrate?
Loffler’s Syndrome
How to increase contractility and cardiac output?
Digoxin/digitalis
