Cardio Small Groups Flashcards
IMPORTANT CONCEPT 1: Atherosclerosis is a disease of?
Medium arteries, especially coronary and cerebral, and aorta.
IMPORTANT CONCEPT 2: The five step process to atherosclerosis is thought to begin with?
Endothelial injury.
IMPORTANT CONCEPT 3: An atherosclerotic plaque with a large loose atheromatous core and a thin fibrous cap is?
Vulnerable to rupture and superimposed thrombosis with severe consequences.
IMPORTANT CONCEPT 4: Thrombosis superimposed on rupture of a coronary atherosclerotic plaque is?
Especially likely to lead to total occlusion and transmural (full thickness) myocardial infarction.
Atherosclerosis:
Chronic inflammatory disease of tunica intima of medium and large arteries causing narrowing due to buildup of lipid followed by fibrosis.
Atheroma:
Earlier stage of atherosclerosis, with buildup of lipid and lipid-laden macrophages in tunica intima.
Vulnerable plaque:
Atherosclerotic plaque with a large loose atheromatous core and a thin fibrous cap, prone to rupture and occlusive superimposed thrombosis
IMPORTANT CONCEPT 1: Brief ischemia can provide ischemic preconditioning protection for subsequent ischemia, but longer ischemia can?
Stun myocytes rendering them temporarily unable to work and chronic ischemia can make them hibernate.
IMPORTANT CONCEPT 2: Myocardial infarction is?
Irreversible necrosis of heart muscle due to prolonged ischemia (longer than 20 minutes).
IMPORTANT CONCEPT 3: Contraction band necrosis is?
The form of irreversible myocyte injury associated with reperfusion.
IMPORTANT CONCEPT 4: Reperfusion injury is the?
Perverse damage caused by restoring blood flow to previously injured tissue.
Stunned myocytes:
Myocytes injured by acute ischemia, which look normal microscopically, but need time to repair before they work normally again.
Hibernating myocytes:
Chronically ischemic myocytes, which have cleared cytoplasm due to catabolism of their contractile proteins and need time to regenerate their contractile proteins before they work normally again.
Myocytolysis:
The light microscopic appearance of hibernating myocytes.
Ischemic preconditioning:
Resistance to mild-moderate ischemia due to induction of protective proteins by brief episodes of ischemia.
Contraction band necrosis:
Dead myocytes with dense hypereosinophilic transverse bands of hypercontracted sarcomeres, associated with reperfusion.
No reflow phenomenon:
Failure of relieving obstruction at the arterial level to restore blood flow, attributed to microvascular obstruction or edema.
Reperfusion injury:
Hemorrhage and other injurious phenomena associated with bringing oxygen and calcium to injured tissue, attributed to reactive oxygen species and metabolic effects of calcium
IMPORTANT CONCEPT 1: Aortic aneurysms are?
Familial
IMPORTANT CONCEPT 2: Aortic dissection is?
Medical or sometimes surgical emergency.
IMPORTANT CONCEPT 3: History and physical examination is all you should need to diagnose?
Peripheral arterial disease.
IMPORTANT CONCEPT 4: Acute arterial occlusion is manifested by the five Ps?
Pain, pallor, paralysis, paresthesia and pulselessness, and is a surgical emergency.
IMPORTANT CONCEPT 5: The most essential aspect of the treatment of Buerger disease is?
Getting the patient to quit smoking.
Aneurysm:
Abnormal localized dilatation (outpouching) of an artery, vein or heart.