Cardiovascular Pathology Flashcards
Hemodynamic Disorders Name:
Edema, Hyperemia/Congestion, Hemorrhage
Hemostasis, Thrombosis, Thrombophilias,
Embolism, Infarction, and Shock
Coronary Artery Disease Name:
Chronic Stable Angina, Coronary Artery Syndrome, STEMI
Myocardial Infarction Name:
Pre-MI CAD, Myocardial Infarction, Post-MI Complications
Atherosclerosis Name:
Fatty Streaks, Fibrous Plaque, Complex Lesion
Arrhythmia & Treatment
↑/↓ Normal Automaticity
↑Abnormal Automaticity
Re-Entry Arrhythmia
ECG Tracings/Disorders
Ventricular Fibrillation, Atrial Fibrillation,
Atrial Flutter, LV Hypertrophy
Bundle Branch Block
Aneurysms Types:
Aortic Dissection, Atherosclerotic,
Syphilitic/Leutic, Berry, Trauma, & Mycotic
Lipid Disorders Types:
CM/VLDL, LPL, (ApoE, B, A1), Hepatic Lipase, LDL-R, CEPT
Vasculitis Types:
Microscopic Polyangitis, Polyarteritis Nodosa,
Other Small, Medium, and Large Vessel Vasculitis
Valvular Heart Diseases:
Rheumatic Fever, Mitral Valve Stenosis, Mitral Regurge, Aortic Stenosis, Aortic Regurge, Carcinoid Disease, Infective Endocarditis, Non-Infective Endocarditis
Cardiac Failure Types:
Acute Cardiac Failure & Congestive Heart Failure
Cardiac Overload Types:
LSHF, RSHF, & Mechanism of Cardiac Hypertrophy
Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathy Types
Myocarditis, Familial Dilated, Cardiomyopathy,
Acquired Dilated, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic Right
Ventricular Disease
Congenital Heart Disease Types:
(Embryological Development of the
Heart and Vessels), (Congenital Heart
Disorders), & (Pre- vs. Post-Natal
Blood Flow)
Movement of fluid between blood and ISF is governed by?
Starling’s Law
Edema - abnormal collection of fluid in the interstitial space?
A. When: accumulation of fluid > lymphatic drainage capability
B. Edema in CNS is INTRACELLULAR (no ISF in CNS)
C. Fluid is trapped by proteoglycans (hydrophilic molecules)
Other Types of Fluid Accumulation (EFFUSIONS; either transudate/exudate)
D. Hydrothorax - accumulation in thorax
E. Hydropericardium
F. Hydroperitoneum - also known as ascites
G. Anansarca - sever and generalized swelling
Consequences of Edema?
- ↓ Wound Healing
- ↓ Clearance of infection
- ↑Bacterial infection
Pulmonary edema =
↓Gas Exchange = ↓O2
Brain edema=
↑risk of herniating through Foramen Magnum
Inflammatory Causes of Edema?
- Acute Inflammation
- Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Chronic Inflammation
- Angiogenesis
Inflammatory Causes of Edema Mechanism:
↑Permeability + ↑Flow + ↑Fluidity of Ground Substance + ↑Protease-mediated degradation = ↑ISF Oncotic Pressure
• Think protein-rich exudate
• EXUDATE ≠ PITTING
Non Inflammatory Causes of Edema:
- ↑Plasma Hydrostatic Pressure
- ↓Plasma oncotic pressure
- Lymphatic Obstruction - exception; protein rich b/c ↑protein content
Non Inflammatory Causes of Edema Examples:
- Local Examples: venous obstruction, lymphatic
- General Examples: Cardiac, Renal, Hepatic, Adrenal, Myxoedema, Pregnancy, Angioedema
- Think transudate (protein-free)
- TRANSUDATE = PITTING
↑Plasma Capillary Pressure=
• Note that if venous pressure rises and is maintained (40+ mmHg) --> ↑Vascular Permeability --> Exudate • If hypoxia develops --> blood = sluggish --> ↑Exudate • Physiologic; standing for long time
Venous Thrombosis
• Deep Venous Thrombosis is most common
• ↑Pressure in capillary because of post-capillary occlusion
2. Congestive Heart Failure
• Represents generalized ↑Venous Pressure
• Caused by compromised Right Atrial Pressure
• ↑Renin release –> ↑BV
3. Thrombophlebitis/Pregnancy
- Venous Thrombosis
• Deep Venous Thrombosis is most common
• ↑Pressure in capillary because of post-capillary occlusion - Congestive Heart Failure
• Represents generalized ↑Venous Pressure
• Caused by compromised Right Atrial Pressure
• ↑Renin release –> ↑BV - Thrombophlebitis/Pregnancy
