Cardiovascular Pathology

Question 1

Hemodynamic Disorders Name:

Answer 1

Edema, Hyperemia/Congestion, Hemorrhage
Hemostasis, Thrombosis, Thrombophilias,
Embolism, Infarction, and Shock

Question 2

Coronary Artery Disease Name:

Answer 2

Chronic Stable Angina, Coronary Artery Syndrome, STEMI

Question 3

Myocardial Infarction Name:

Answer 3

Pre-MI CAD, Myocardial Infarction, Post-MI Complications

Question 4

Atherosclerosis Name:

Answer 4

Fatty Streaks, Fibrous Plaque, Complex Lesion

Question 5

Arrhythmia & Treatment

Answer 5

↑/↓ Normal Automaticity
↑Abnormal Automaticity
Re-Entry Arrhythmia

Question 6

ECG Tracings/Disorders

Answer 6

Ventricular Fibrillation, Atrial Fibrillation,
Atrial Flutter, LV Hypertrophy
Bundle Branch Block

Question 7

Aneurysms Types:

Answer 7

Aortic Dissection, Atherosclerotic,

Syphilitic/Leutic, Berry, Trauma, & Mycotic

Question 8

Lipid Disorders Types:

Answer 8

CM/VLDL, LPL, (ApoE, B, A1), Hepatic Lipase, LDL-R, CEPT

Question 9

Vasculitis Types:

Answer 9

Microscopic Polyangitis, Polyarteritis Nodosa,

Other Small, Medium, and Large Vessel Vasculitis

Question 10

Valvular Heart Diseases:

Answer 10

Rheumatic Fever, Mitral Valve Stenosis,
Mitral Regurge, Aortic Stenosis,
Aortic Regurge, Carcinoid Disease,
Infective Endocarditis, Non-Infective
Endocarditis

Question 11

Cardiac Failure Types:

Answer 11

Acute Cardiac Failure & Congestive Heart Failure

Question 12

Cardiac Overload Types:

Answer 12

LSHF, RSHF, & Mechanism of Cardiac Hypertrophy

Question 13

Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathy Types

Answer 13

Myocarditis, Familial Dilated, Cardiomyopathy,
Acquired Dilated, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic Right
Ventricular Disease

Question 14

Congenital Heart Disease Types:

Answer 14

(Embryological Development of the
Heart and Vessels), (Congenital Heart
Disorders), & (Pre- vs. Post-Natal
Blood Flow)

Question 15

Movement of fluid between blood and ISF is governed by?

Answer 15

Starling’s Law

Question 16

Edema - abnormal collection of fluid in the interstitial space?

Answer 16

A. When: accumulation of fluid > lymphatic drainage capability
B. Edema in CNS is INTRACELLULAR (no ISF in CNS)
C. Fluid is trapped by proteoglycans (hydrophilic molecules)
Other Types of Fluid Accumulation (EFFUSIONS; either transudate/exudate)
D. Hydrothorax - accumulation in thorax
E. Hydropericardium
F. Hydroperitoneum - also known as ascites
G. Anansarca - sever and generalized swelling

Question 17

Consequences of Edema?

Answer 17

• ↓ Wound Healing
• ↓ Clearance of infection
• ↑Bacterial infection

Question 18

Pulmonary edema =

Answer 18

↓Gas Exchange = ↓O2

Question 19

Brain edema=

Answer 19

↑risk of herniating through Foramen Magnum

Question 20

Inflammatory Causes of Edema?

Answer 20

• Acute Inflammation
• Hypersensitivity Reactions
• Chronic Inflammation
• Angiogenesis

Question 21

Inflammatory Causes of Edema Mechanism:

Answer 21

↑Permeability + ↑Flow + ↑Fluidity of Ground Substance + ↑Protease-mediated degradation = ↑ISF Oncotic Pressure
• Think protein-rich exudate
• EXUDATE ≠ PITTING

Question 22

Non Inflammatory Causes of Edema:

Answer 22

• ↑Plasma Hydrostatic Pressure
• ↓Plasma oncotic pressure
• Lymphatic Obstruction - exception; protein rich b/c ↑protein content

Question 23

Non Inflammatory Causes of Edema Examples:

Answer 23

• Local Examples: venous obstruction, lymphatic
• General Examples: Cardiac, Renal, Hepatic, Adrenal, Myxoedema, Pregnancy, Angioedema
• Think transudate (protein-free)
• TRANSUDATE = PITTING

Question 24

↑Plasma Capillary Pressure=

Answer 24

• Note that if venous pressure rises
and is maintained (40+ mmHg) -->
↑Vascular Permeability --> Exudate
• If hypoxia develops --> blood =
sluggish --> ↑Exudate
• Physiologic; standing for long time

Question 25

Venous Thrombosis
• Deep Venous Thrombosis is most common
• ↑Pressure in capillary because of post-capillary occlusion
2. Congestive Heart Failure
• Represents generalized ↑Venous Pressure
• Caused by compromised Right Atrial Pressure
• ↑Renin release –> ↑BV
3. Thrombophlebitis/Pregnancy

Answer 25

1. Venous Thrombosis
   • Deep Venous Thrombosis is most common
   • ↑Pressure in capillary because of post-capillary occlusion
2. Congestive Heart Failure
   • Represents generalized ↑Venous Pressure
   • Caused by compromised Right Atrial Pressure
   • ↑Renin release –> ↑BV
3. Thrombophlebitis/Pregnancy