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Peds III > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is paul ehrlich known for? (2)

A
  • treatment of syphillis

- discovery & development of sulfonamide / sulfa drugs

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2
Q

What is alexander fleming known for?

A

Penicillium mould = penicillin

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3
Q

Define antibiotic:

A

Natural or synthetic chemical substance that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria

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4
Q

Define bactericide:

A

kills bacteria

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5
Q

Define bacteriostatic:

A

Changes the characteristics of bacteria so it is no longer pathogenic

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6
Q

Define selective toxicity:

A

inhibition or death of pathogenic microorganisms without damaging the host

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7
Q

Define wide-spectrum antibiotics

A

Can attack a variety of germs but may not be the best against that specific germ

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8
Q

Define narrow-spectrum antibiotics

A

effective against limited variety of pathogens but very effective

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9
Q

What is MIC?

A

Minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotic able to inhibit growth of specific pathogen

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10
Q

What is MLC?

A

Minimum lethal concentration of ATB to kill a pathogen

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11
Q

Define therapeutic dose:

A

dose necessary for treatment of certain infection

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12
Q

Define toxic dose:

A

dose producing undesirable and harmful effects for patient

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13
Q

Aerobic bacteria?

A
  • Gram + cocci

- facultative anaerobic

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14
Q

Anaerobic bacteria?

A
  • Gram + cocci

- Gram - bacillus

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15
Q

Strict and facultative anaerobic?

A

Betalactamics (penicillin and cephalosporin)

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16
Q

antibiotic treatments shorter than ___ days is not effective

A

5

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17
Q

antibiotic treatments longer than ___ days can cause…

A

10 days can cause unwanted reactions

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18
Q

What was the first antibiotic to be discovered?

A

Penicillin. Alexander fleming

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19
Q

What is amoxicilin? (3)

A
  • Penicillin drug
  • betalactamic group
  • wider spectrum of action than penicillin and fewer side effect
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20
Q

Amoxicillin is derived from?

A

ampicillin from chemical synthesis

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21
Q

Amoxicilin bacteriostatic or bactericide?

A

bactericide

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22
Q

Amoxicillin mechanism of action?

A

inhibits cell wall synthesis and kills bacteria

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23
Q

Amoxicillin antibacterial spectrum? (4)

A

Gram + and - and others

effective against streptococcus (gram +)

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24
Q

Amoxicillin absorption? (2)

A
  • oral: better absorbed than ampicillin

- absorption not modified by presence of food in stomach

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25
Q

Where is amoxicillin metabolized?

A

liver

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26
Q

Amoxicillin excretion?

A

kidney

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27
Q

Amoxicillin at the same dose of ampicillin reaches…

A

a higher concentration

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28
Q

The maximum concentration of amoxicillin?

A

1-2.5hours

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29
Q

Amoxicillin indications? (3)

A
  • Useful in SHORT ORAL TREATMENTS (mild or moderate infections).
  • Efficient in prophylaxis of endocarditis.
  • Other indications: Urinary infections, abdominal infections
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30
Q

Amoxicillin + clauvanic acid? (4)

A
  • clavulanic acid = inhibitor of betalactamases
  • widens spectrum and action
  • produces diarrhea and digestive alterations
  • more powerful action at same dose
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31
Q

What can inactivate amoxicillin

A

betalactamases

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32
Q

Amoxicillin dose?

A

50mg/kg per day. Divide this dose into 3 doses per day

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33
Q

Clavulanic acid and amoxicillin dose?

A

same as amoxicillin

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34
Q

Minimum treatment for amoxicillin?

A

4 days

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35
Q

Adverse effect of amoxicillin? (2)

A
  • hypersensibillity** (main)
  • eruptions (rash
  • anaphylaxis with glottis spasm and asphyxia (0.05%)
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36
Q

Avoid giving amoxicillin when the patient has… (5)

A
  • mononucleosis
  • hepatic infection
  • renal infection
  • diabetes (for powder solution)
  • phenylketonuria (has phenylalanine)
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37
Q

What is a macrolide?

A
  • Bacteriostatic (inhibits protein synthesis)
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38
Q

Macrolides work on…?

A
  • works on gram +, -, and anaerobic
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39
Q

Macrolides adverse effects?

A
  • nausea
  • vomitting
  • diarrhea
40
Q

When do we use macrolides? (2)

A

When allergic to amoxicillin or cephalosporin

41
Q

What was the first macrolide? when do we use it? (3)

A
  • Erythromycin
  • almost not used anymore
  • replaced by more potent one (azithromycine)
42
Q

What was azitromycine derived from?

A

erythromycin

43
Q

Half life of azitromycine?

A

Much longer half-life (up to 68h): single dose / 24 h

44
Q

How do we administer azitromicine?

A

on an empty stomach

45
Q

Adverse effect of azitromycine? (5)

A
  • mild GI effects (frequent)
  • less effects than erythromycin
  • heptatoxcity
  • ototocity
  • hypersensitivity
46
Q

ATB of choice in Endocarditys prophylaxis in people allergic to penicillin?

A
  • Azitromycin
  • cefalexin
  • clindamycin
47
Q

What are the macrolides? (4)

A
  • azitromycin
  • clarithromycin
  • spiramycin
  • josamycin
48
Q

Azitromycin dosage?

A

5-10mg /kg for a day. divide into 3 dosages

oral or IV

49
Q

Lincosamide act against…? (2)

A
  1. Anaerobes (Bacteroids, clostridium)

2. Gramm+ (staphylococcus, streptococcus)

50
Q

Types of lincosamides? (2)

A
  • Clindamycin ( lincosamide)

- Metronidazole

51
Q

When do we use lincosamides? (2)

A

In dentistry: in severe infections or endocarditis prophylaxis

52
Q

Clindamycin? (3)

A
  • Very effective against cocos Gramm+
  • Good tolerance
  • Low allergenic potential
53
Q

Side effects of clindamycin?

A
  1. Mild: nausea, vomiting, metallic taste

2. Severe: ataxia, convulsions, encephalopathy

54
Q

Clindamycin oral dosage?

A

10-30mg/kg in a day. taken 3 times a day

55
Q

Clindamycin i.m. or i.v. dosage?

A

20-40mg/kg/day taken 3 times a day

56
Q

Endocarditis prophylaxis with no penicillin allergy orally? (2)

A
  • adults: 2gr amoxicillin

- children: 50mg/kg

57
Q

Adult endocarditis prophylaxis with no penicillin allergy not orally? (2)

A
  • 2gr amoxicillin

- 1gr ceftriaxona

58
Q

Child endocarditis prophylaxis with no penicillin allergy not orally? (2)

A
  • 50mg/kg amoxicillin

- 50mg/kg ceftriaxona

59
Q

Adult endocarditis prophylaxis with penicillin allergy orally? (2)

A
  • clindamycin 600mg

- claritomycin 500mg

60
Q

Child endocarditis prophylaxis with penicillin allergy orally? (2)

A
  • clindamycin 20mg/kg

- claritomycin 15mg/kg

61
Q

Adult endocarditis prophylaxis with penicillin allergy not orally?

A

Clindamycin 600mg

62
Q

Child endocarditis prophylaxis with penicillin allergy not orally?

A

Clindamycine 20mg/kg

63
Q

What is an antimycotic?

A

antifungal

64
Q

Latest generation antifungals and children?

A

Latest generation antifungals have very limited use in children

65
Q

Most used antifungals in pediatrics is? (4)

A
  1. Nystatin
  2. Ketoconazole
  3. Miconazole
  4. Others: fluconazole
66
Q

How is nystatin administered?

A

topically

67
Q

Nystatin indications?

A
  • skin/mucous infection with candida albicans

- prevention of candidiasis in immunocomprompised patients

68
Q

Nystatin side effects?

A
  • nausea
  • vomitting
  • rash
69
Q

Nystatin contraindications?

A
  • hypersensitivity
70
Q

Nystatin treatment time?

A

2-3 weeks

71
Q

Nystatin dosage?

A

500.000-1.000.000 UI /6-8 hours

72
Q

how is miconazol adminsitered?

A

topical (low absorption)

73
Q

Miconazol side effects? (4)

A

more frequent than other antifungals

  • nausea
  • tachycardia
  • anaphylaxis
74
Q

Miconazol contraindication?

A

hypersensitivity

75
Q

Miconazol treatment duration?

A

variable

76
Q

NSAID effects? (3)

A
  • analgesic
  • antipyretic
  • antiinflammatory
77
Q

Paractamol effects? (3)

A
  • analgesic
  • antipytetic
  • greater antipyretic effect than NSAIDS
78
Q

Ibuprofen is derived from…?

A

Propionic acid

79
Q

Most widely used analgesic in pediatrics? why?

A
  • ibuprofen

- mild inflammatory dental processes

80
Q

Ibuprofen gastrointesinal effect? (2)

A
  • few adverse affects

- lowest risk of all NSAIDs

81
Q

What are the propionic acid derivatives? (5)

A
  • ibuprofen
  • naproxen
  • ketoprofen
  • diclofenac
  • piroxicam
82
Q

Ibuprofen maximum concentration?

A

1-2h

83
Q

Ibuprofen average life?

A

2-6 hours

84
Q

ibuprofen contraindications? (6)

A
  • Hypersensibility to any NSAID
  • Digestive alterations (ulcers, gastritis,…)
  • Asthmatic crisis, angioedema, rash provoked by NSAID
  • Heart failure
  • Alterations in blood clotting
  • Hepatic and renal failure
85
Q

Ibuprofen dental side effects? (2)

A
  • alveolitis

- osteoitis

86
Q

Ibuprofen dosage?

A

20mg/kg. divided into 3 times a day

87
Q

Paracetamol is derived from..?

A

fenacetin

88
Q

Average life of paracetamol?

A

2-4 hours

89
Q

Max concentration of paracetamol?

A

30-60 mins

90
Q

Paracetamol counterindications? (4)

A
  • Hepatic alterations (It is hepatotoxic)
  • Asthmatic (It may produce bronchospasm)
  • Leucopenia
  • Neutropenia
91
Q

Paracetamol dosage? (2)

A

60mg/kg/day. 4-6 times a day

*max dosage of 4g per day

92
Q

Adult dosage of ibuprofen? (2)

A

400-600 mg every 6-8 hours

*max dosage of 2.4g

93
Q

Adult dosage of paracetamol? (2)

A

325-650 mg / 6 hours

*max dosage of 4g

94
Q

What antibiotics do not contain sucrose?

A
  • Augmentine drops
  • oral suspension 125 mg
  • soluble powder 250 mg
  • 500 mg (aspartame)
95
Q

What antiiinflamatory drugs do not contain sucrose?

A
  • Apiretal oral suspension, drops (saccharine)
  • Junifen oral suspension (saccharine)
  • Gelocatil drops (saccharine)
96
Q

What antifungals do not contain sucrose?

A

Mycostatin solution (saccharine)

Peds III (9 decks)

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