Craniofacial growth II Flashcards
We may divide the skull growth in two different parts that have different development:
- Viscero-skull: Face
* Neuro-skull: Cranial vault and base
Viscero-skull type of growth?
slow growth
Neuro-skull type of growth?
fast growth
Factors that affect facial growth? (5)
- Function
- Sinus growth
- Dental eruption
- Increase of muscular activity
- General factors
Factor that affects neuro-skull growth?
Brain growth
Growth of cranial vault reaches ____% at the end of ___ year of life
80% at the end of 2nd year
When does growth of the cranial vault end? exception?
8th-10th year of life
*except the frontal sinus
What are the two types of growth the cranial vault experiences?
- Sutural growth
- Apositional growth
Cranial vault: Characteristics of sutural growth? (3)
- Stimulation of sutures and frontanelas
- tension due to brain’s growth
- increases the circumference and reduces the curvature
Cranial vault: characteristics of apositional growth? (2)
- Bone deposition on the internal and external surfaces
- increases the thickness
At what age to sutures start to calcify? exception?
13-14
*metopic suture closes at end of 2nd year
Growth of cranial vault: Where is is apposition on the internal and external surface?
- internal surface there is apposition in the central area
- external surface is the
other way around.
Growth of cranial vault: when does the internal surface stop growing?
Once the brain has finished developing ~8years old
Growth of cranial vault: when does the external surface stop growing?
Continues to grow with the growth of the facial bones (maxilla and sinus) creating the frontal sinus
Cranial base growth: is the area that changes the _____ during the growth
least
We may divide the cranial base in two parts:
- Anterior base
- Posterior base
Anterior cranial base growth is related with ____
the growth of nasomailar complex
The anterior cranial base grows until what age?
Grows precociously until 7 years old
The posterior cranial base growth is related with ___? (2)
the pharynx area and width of the mandibular ramus
Posterior cranial base growth compared to anterior base?
Posterior has slower growth
The posterior cranial base grows until what age?
20 years old
What happens if the anterior cranial vault is too big or too small?
Produces hyperplasia and hypoplasia of the nasomaxilar complex
What happens if the posterior cranial vault is too big or too small?
Mandibular rams thin or wide—vertical or horizontal growth.
A reduced anterior cranial
base may produce…
an hypoplasic nasomaxilar complex
The middle cranial fossa can have an effect on the ____
upper jaw (moving it forward and down by its arrangement), but it also has an effect on the jaw
A reduced posterior cranial base may give place to a ….
narrow mandibular ramus that will lead to a vertical mandibular growth
What types of growth does the cranial base go through? (3)
- Sutural growth
- Apositional growth
- Endocondral growth
Cranial base: sutural growth?
Transversal growth (slow)
Cranial base: apositional growth?
lateral areas
Cranial base: endocondral growth?
Synchondroses (slow)
Cranial base: At the fossas there will be …?
growth due to bone resorption
Cranial base: at elevated areas there is….?
apposition
Cranial base: Why is there differential and continuous remodeling?
stability for the vascular and nervous elements
What is the most stable part of the skull?
Cranial base
*anterior cranial base (sella) is used as a reference point
What is the sella?
Anterior cranial base
The sella does not have ____?
a field of growth
Why is the sella important?
able to observe the different positions the bones may adopt using it as a reference
What are the type of maxillary growth? (3)
- sutural growth
- apositional growth
- “v” pattern of growth
What is the hierarchy of maxillary growth?
VERTICAL > SAGITAL > LATERAL
Maxillary growth: vertical growth? (3)
- Palatal remodeling
- Dental eruption
- Primary displacement
Maxillary growth: lateral growth? (2)
- Bone remodeling
* Midline suture
Maxillary growth: saggital growth (3)
- Maxillary tuberosity
- Transverse palatal suture
- Primary and secondary displacement
Maxillary growth: bone remodeling areas? (5)
- Infraorbitary surface: Deposit.
- Outer surface: Deposit.
- Anterior surface: Resorption (except in fetal period).
- Posterior surface: Deposit.
- Lower relocation of the palate (deposit in the interior face—–`V´principle).
Maxillary growth primary displacement? why?
Forward and slightly
downwards thanks to the sutural growth
Maxillary growth secondary displacement?
- Anterior cranial base: Forward
* Middle and posterior base: Forward and downward
Mandibular growth: at birth. what happens?
there are two short ramus that are fused together by connective tissue
Mandibular growth: What happens during the first year of life?
There is an ossification of the simphysis
Mandibular growth: endochondral growth?
There will be endochondral growth by apposition at the
alveolar border and condile
Mandibular growth: Apposition?/resorption?
Will be apposition at the posterior surface of the
ramus and resorption of the anterior border.
Mandibular growth: Bone remodelling?
on all the surfaces that enables the eruption of the molars
Mandibular growth: body of the mandible - posterior surface?
- Remodeling of the ramus, making the body longer
- Posterior and lingual deposit (at the lingual tuberosity)
- Deviation towards lingual of that part changing from ramus to body
Mandibular growth: What are the sites of growth at the body of the mandible? (6)
- Posterior surface
- Inferior surface
- Symphysis
- External surface
- internal surface
- Alveolar area
Mandibular growth: Body of the mandible - inferior surface? (2)
Deposit
* except at the antegonial area (resorption)
Mandibular growth: Body of the mandible - symphysis? (2)
- Resorption on the upper portion
- deposit at the chin
Mandibular growth: Body of the mandible - external surface?
deposit
Mandibular growth: Body of the mandible - internal surface?
Deposit at the lowest area
Mandibular growth: Body of the mandible - alveolar area?
V principle
Mandibular growth: ramus growth areas? (4)
- Anterior border
- Posterior border
- Cornoid apophysis
- Condyle
Mandibular growth: ramus anterior border?
Resorption (mainly at the inferior part)
Mandibular growth: ramus posterior border?
Deposit (mainly at the inferior part)
It appears a verticalization of the ramus
Mandibular growth: ramus cornoid apophysis? (3)
- Anterior resorption.
- Posterior and lingual deposit
- “V” pattern
Mandibular growth: ramus - condyle? (3)
- Anterior resorption.
- Posterior, superior and lateral
deposit. - “V” pattern
The main part of the mandible that participates in growth is— (2)
the posterior border of the ramus and condylar process
What direction does the mandible grow in? (2)
upwards and backwards
Primary displacement mandible?
Downwards and forward
Secondary displacement mandible?
will be smaller than the one in
the maxilla as the middle fossa
is anterior to the condylar
process.
Mandibular growth: predominance of vertical condylar growth? (2)
✦Counter-clockwise rotation of the mandible body
✦Tendency towards horizontal growth
Mandibular growth: predominance of distal condylar growth?
✦Clockwise rotation of the mandibular body
✦Tendency towards vertical growth
