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Peds III > Craniofacial Growth I > Flashcards

Craniofacial Growth I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of growth?

A
  • Quantitative
  • Proportional
  • Sprouts (or jumps)
  • Decelerated
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2
Q

What is the definition of growth?

A
  • Hypertrophy/hyperplasia

It is a change in size/weight resulting from an increase in number or size of cells

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3
Q

What is growth measured in?

A

Centimeters or Kilograms

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4
Q

Growth leads to? (2)

A
  • Development (differentiation)

- Maturation (stabilization)

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5
Q

Define development/differentiation? (2)

A
  • tissue differentiation to achieve somatic and functional characteristics
  • changes in shape and structure from embryo to adult, from lower to higher stage
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6
Q

Define maturation (stabilizations)?

A

Stabilization of the

adult condition achieved thanks to the growth and development.

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7
Q

What are the growth influence factors? (4)

A
  • cephalocaudal trend
  • different growth rhythms in each type of tissue
  • foreseeable nature
  • individual variability
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8
Q

Growth factors: What is cephalocaudal trend? (3)

A
  • Proximal growth before distal
  • Medial growth before lateral
  • Dorsal growth before ventral
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9
Q

Growth factors: What are the Different growth rhythms in each kind of tissue? (2)

A

• The reproductive organs are the last to develop.
• The brain and head are the ones that suffer
development the soonest

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10
Q

Growth factors: what is foreseeable nature?

A

There are events and changes that happen in a foreseeable order that cannot be altered

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11
Q

Growth factors: What is individual variability? (2)

A

•There exists a reasonable variation among the
normality. That is why growth charts have been
created.
•This growth charts define the child position in
relation to the group and enables to follow the
child´s growth through time.

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12
Q

What are the different types of growth? (2)

A
  • Intramembranous ossification

- endochondral ossification

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13
Q

Intramembranous ossification and pressure?

A

Areas WITHOUT pressure

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14
Q

Endochondral ossification and pressire?

A

Areas WITH pressure

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15
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

It forms directly from sheet-like layers of fibrous

connective tissue

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16
Q

What are the steps of intramembranous ossification? (3)

A

Step 1: Mesenchymal cells differentiate to osteoblasts
that secrete organic matrix bone.

Step 2: Bone forms between blood vessels randomly
forming a trabeculae.

Step 3: Trabeculae thickens at the periphery to form
plates of compact bone

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17
Q

All the bones in the skull and clavicle are formed in this way…?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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18
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A
  • Mesenchymal tissue transforms to cartilage in the same shape of bone.
  • Cartilage is broken down, reorganized and mineralized to form bone
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19
Q

What are the steps of endochondral ossification? (3)

A

Step 1: Chondroblasts form hyaline cartilage. This is surrounded by perichondrium,
which becomes bone forming periosteum.
Step 2: Cartilage calcifies in the center of the diaphysis. Chondrocytes die due to
calcification. The ends of the bone still have healthy chondrocytes so the bone
model enlarges.
Step 3: Primary ossification bud expands. Blood vessels, osteoblasts and osteoclasts
reach the epiphysis.

20
Q

The condyle and the nasal septum are formed this way…?

A

Endochondral ossification

21
Q

What is involved with differential growth? (2)

A
  • remodelling

- displacement

22
Q

What is bone remodelling?

A

bone deposition and resorption

23
Q

Bone remodelling responds to ____?

A

Functional demands

24
Q

What changes does bone remodelling produce? (4)

A
  • size
  • shape
  • proportion
  • relationship of bone with adjacent structure
25
Q

When does bone remodeling begin?

A

14th week

26
Q

What is cortical drift?

A

A combination of remodelling that results in a growth movement towards the depositiing surface

27
Q

What relationship between bone remodelling results in bone with the same thickness?

A

When deposition = resorption

28
Q

What relationship between bone remodelling results in an increase of bone thickness?

A

When deposition is more than resorption

29
Q

When there is a cortical drift towards the surface of deposit it creates…

A

Growth movement or displacement

30
Q

What are reversal lines?

A

Lines that separate an alternation of areas of resorption and deposition in the same surface

31
Q

Perisoteal surfaces are…

A

50% resorption and 50% deposition

32
Q

Differential bone growth produces…

A

Huge changes on the internal bone surface provoking relocation of different parts

33
Q

What is a growth site?

A

Parts of bone that have a more important role in growth

34
Q

Bone remodelling areas characteristics? (2)

A
  • They may be of deposition or reabsorption.

* The pattern of these areas stay constant

35
Q

Bone remodelling areas: factors that may have an influence? (3)

A
  • Size of area
  • Rhythm and quantity of deposit / resorption
  • Regulation of the time of growth activity
36
Q

Bone remodelling functions? (5)

A

• Enlarge the bone.
• Relocate the different bone parts.
• Modify the bone so new functions may be performed.
• Change the bone relationship with adjacent bones and
soft tissues.
• Create continuous local structural adjustments.

37
Q

What is the “V” principle? (3)

A
  • V shaped pattern of remodellng growth

- Growth occurs towards the wide end of the V

38
Q

Where can you find the V pattern of growth? (4)

A
  • Palate
  • Neck of condyle
  • Coronoid apophysis
  • Zygomatic arches
39
Q

Growth occurs towards the wide end of the “V” as a result of: (3)

A
  • Differential deposition
  • Selective resorption of bone
  • Simultaneous displacement towards the wide end
40
Q

Displacement: During bone growth there are…

A

Independent movement

provoked by a physical force that separates the articulations

41
Q

Moss´s functional matrix theory says …

A

the growth of the soft tissues provokes a “passive displacement” that
will induce bone growth

42
Q

What is primary displacement?

A
  • Due to the own enlargement of the bone

- Physical displacement combined with bone enlargement

43
Q

Primary displacement: the displacement is equal to…?

A

The amount of bone growth

44
Q

What is secondary displacement? Example?

A
  • Displacement due to the action of other bones growth and the soft tissues
  • ex. growth of the cranial base causes the forward and downward
    displacement of the maxilla
45
Q

Secondary displacement: the sense of displacement and sense are ___

A

opposite

Peds III (9 decks)

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