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Ophthalmology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main routes of admin of drugs to the eye?

A

Topical

Injection

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2
Q

Why can’t most systemic drugs make it to the eye?

A

Blood eye barrier

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3
Q

What two forms do topical drug preparations come in?

A

Drops

Ointment

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4
Q

Give some advantages of drops

A

Easier to administer

Less messy

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5
Q

Give some advantages of ointment

A

Lasts for longer

Soothes eye

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6
Q

What is the major side effect associated with topical drugs?

A

Systemic absorbance through pharynx after loss in tears

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7
Q

What is corneal penetrance?

A

The ability of a drug to pass into/through the cornea.

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8
Q

What regulates corneal penetrance?

A

Molecular weight

Hydrophobic/philic state

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9
Q

Do most LMW drugs have good corneal penetrance?

A

Yes

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10
Q

Where do hydrophobic drugs (lipophilic) penetrate best?

A

Epithelium

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11
Q

Where do hydrophilic drugs penetrate (lipophobic) best?

A

Stroma

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12
Q

What is the stroma?

A

Connective tissue

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13
Q

What can increase lipid soluble drug absorption?

A

Inflammation

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14
Q

What can increase corneal penetrance?

A

Benzalkonium- disrupts tear layers

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15
Q

How do you make a steroid more hydrophobic?

A

Add alcohol or acetate group

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16
Q

How do you make a steroid more hydrophilic?

A

Add a phosphate group

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17
Q

Where can injections into the eye be given?

A

Subconjunctival
Subtenous- Back of orbit
Intravitreal- Vitreous fluid
Intracameral- Anterior chamber

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18
Q

Where does a subtenous injection deliver the drug?

A

Back of orbit

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19
Q

Where does an intravitreal injection deliver drug?

A

Vitreous fluid

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20
Q

Where does an intracameral injection deliver drug?

A

Anterior chamber

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21
Q

What is a disadvantage of intravitreal injections?

A

Drugs often toxic to retina

22
Q

What drugs are given subconjunctival?

A

Steroids

23
Q

What drugs are given intravitreal?

A

Anti-VEGF
Steroids
Antibiotics

24
Q

Where do you place the needle when injecting into the eyeball?

A

Gap between iris and retina

25
Q

What are steroids used for in the eye?

A

Suppress inflammation- Uvitis and post op
Allergy
Suppress immune response- Corneal graft

26
Q

What 4 strengths of steroid are available?

A

Mild- Fluorometholone
Moderate- Prednisolone phosphate
Potent- Betamathasone
Very potent- Dexamathasone or Prednisolone acetate

27
Q

Give an example of a mild steroid

A

Fluorometholone

28
Q

Give an example of a moderate steroid

A

Prednisolone phosphate

29
Q

Give an example of a potent steroid

A

Betamathasone

30
Q

Give an example of a very potent steroid

A

Dexamathasone or Prednisolone acetate

31
Q

What kind of steroid is Dexamathasone or Prednisolone acetate?

A

Very potent

32
Q

What kind of steroid is Betamathasone?

A

Potent

33
Q

What kind of steroid is Prednisolone phosphate?

A

Moderate

34
Q

What kind of steroid is Fluorometholone?

A

Mild

35
Q

What are some of the local side effects of steroids?

A

Cataracts
Glaucoma
Viral infection

36
Q

What are some of the systemic side effects of steroids?

A 
Weight gain
Osteoporosis
Neuropsychotic
Gastric ulcers
Immunosuppresion
Diabetes
37
Q

What is the most commonly used antibiotic in ophthalmology?

A

Chloramphenicol

38
Q

What drugs are used to control inflammation in the eye?

A

Steroids
NSAIDs
Anti-histamines
Mast cell stabilizers

39
Q

What five classes of drugs are used for glaucoma?

A

Prostanoids- Open drain. Latanoprost
BB- Turn off tap
CAI- Turn off tap. End in -zolamide
A2 adrenergic agonists. Both. Brimonidine.
Parasympathomimetic- Shrinks pupil. Pilocarpine

40
Q

What two mechanisms do glaucoma drugs have of working?

A

Open drain

Turn off tap

41
Q

Give an example of a prostanoid and how it works

A

Open drain. Latanoprost

42
Q

How do BB work in glaucoma?

A

Turn off tap

43
Q

GIve an example of a CAI and how it works

A

Turn off tap. End in -zolamide

44
Q

Give an example of an A2 adrenergic agonist and how it works

A

Both. Brimonidine.

45
Q

Give an example of a Parasympathomimetic and how it works

A

Shrinks pupil to increase angle. Pilocarpine

46
Q

What drug is used for diagnosis in ophthalmology?

A

Fluorescein

47
Q

Describe how to use fluorescein

A

Add dye to eye
Shine blue light on
Normally blue, damage shows as green

48
Q

How do LA work?

A

Inhibit Na channels

49
Q

What do Mydriatics and sympathomimetics do?

A

Dilate pupil

50
Q

How do you dilate the pupil?

A

Mydriatics and sympathomimetics

Ophthalmology (10 decks)

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