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Ophthalmology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the immune system?

A

To identify and eliminate harmful stimuli

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2
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Innate

Adaptive

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3
Q

Briefly describe the innate immune response

A

Fast acting
No memory
Broad response to limited number of stimuli

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4
Q

Briefly describe the adaptive immune response

A

Slower to act
Memory of pathogen
Specific to pathogen

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5
Q

What are some of the physical protections the eye possess?

A

Little physical barrier but does have eyelid and conjunctiva.
Few commensal bacteria
Chemical agents such as lipids
Tears

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6
Q

What is the purpose of tears?

A

Flush the eye
Provide an anti-adhesive surface to prevent colonisation
Contains antibacterial chemicals and cells

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7
Q

What are the three layers of tears?

A

Lipid layer
Aqueous layer
Mucin layer

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8
Q

What immune cells can be found in tears?

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Conjunctival mast cells

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9
Q

How do neutrophils work?

A

Chemotaxis and secrete enzymes etc to damage bacteria

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10
Q

How do macrophages work?

A

Phagocytose cells and stimulate rest on immune system

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11
Q

What factors are required for the adaptive immune response?

A

Antigen presenting cells- dendritic, B cells, macrophage
Lymphatic drainage
Effector cells- CD4+, T cells, CD8+, B cells

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12
Q

What specific antigen presenting cells can be found in the external layers of the eye?

A

Langerhans cells

Less in number as move inside from sclera to cornea

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13
Q

Which is the only part of the eye with lymphatic drainage?

A

Conjunctiva

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14
Q

Where does the conjunctival lymphatic drainage go?

A

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

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15
Q

What is mucosa associated lymphoid tissue?

A

Not an lymph node but similar- Cluster of immune tissue

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16
Q

What is the primary defense of the eye from infection?

A

Tough sclera and cornea

17
Q

Describe some of the disadvantages of the eye for fighting infection?

A

Avascular
Few APC
No lymph tissue
Down Regulated immune environment

18
Q

What is another term for a down regulated immune environment?

A

Immune privilege

19
Q

What is immune privilege?

A

Ability to tolerate introduction of antigen without eliciting immune response therefore protecting tissue

20
Q

What is sympathetic ophthalmia?

A

When damage to one eye can cause blindness in the other

21
Q

What causes sympathetic ophthalmia?

A

Damage to one eye causes release of eye specific antigens.
Antigens activate T cells in lymph nodes.
As T cells cannot tell difference between eyes they act on both causing damage to previously fine eye.

22
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Where an immune response causes damage to the tissues too.

23
Q

How many types of hypersensitivity reaction are there?

A

4

24
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reaction?

A

1- Allergic/acute
2- Antibody mediated
3- Complex (immune complex)
4- Delayed

25
Q

Briefly describe the mechanism behind type 1 hypersensitivity

A

B cells produce antigen specific IgE antibodies which deal with antigen.
Remaining IgE binds to Mast cells.
When antigen next encountered IgE triggers mast cells to release histamine and cause issues

26
Q

What cells and antibodies are involved in type 1 hypersensitivity

A

B cells
Mast cells
IgE

27
Q

What is an example of type 1 hypersensitivity in the eye?

A

Acute allergic conjunctivitis

28
Q

What happens in type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

Immune cells directly attack self tissue

29
Q

What cells are involved in type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

Macrophages
NK cells
Membrane attack complex

30
Q

Give an example of type 2 hypersensitivity in the eye

A

Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid

31
Q

How does type 3 hypersensitivity cause problems?

A

Antibodies and antigen form large complexes which can block vessels and direct immune attack to self tissue

32
Q

Give an example of type 3 hypersensitivity in the eye

A

Autoimmune corneal melting

33
Q

Describe type 4 hypersensitivity

A

Previous exposure primes Helper T cells

When re-exposed you get an exaggerated immune response

34
Q

Give an example of type 4 hypersensitivity in eyes

A

Corneal graft rejection

Ophthalmology (10 decks)

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