Infection Flashcards
What parts of the eye can get infected?
Conjunctiva- Conjunctivitis
Cornea- Keratitis
Entire globe- endophthalmitis
What kind of infection do you get in the eye (name 5)
Conjunctivitis Keratitis Endophthalmitis Cellulitis Chorioretinitis
What is conjunctivitis an infection of?
Conjunctiva
What can cause conjunctivitis?
Bacteria
Virus
Chlamydia
What bacteria most commonly cause conjunctivitis?
Staph aureus
What bacteria can cause conjunctivitis?
S. Aureus Neisseria gonorrhoeae Chlamydia trachomatis Strep pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae
What are some of the symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis?
Red/pink eye Bilateral Itchy Watery Gritty Pus filled
How do you treat bacterial conjunctivitis?
Swab for bacteria
Topical antibiotics
What viruses can cause conjunctivitis?
Adenovirus
Herpes simplex
Herpes zoster
What type of conjunctivitis can herpes zoster cause?
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus
What are some of the symptoms of viral conjunctivitis?
Red/pink eye Bilateral Itchy Watery Gritty
How do you treat viral conjunctivitis?
Self limiting
What bacteria can cause a bad form of conjunctivitis?
Chlamydia
What are some of the symptoms of chlamydial conjunctivitis?
Red/pink eye Bilateral Itchy Watery Gritty Pus filled Treatment resistance Chronic Formation of follicles causing scarring
What tissue does Keratitis affect?
Cornea
What three things can cause keratitis?
Bacteria
Virus
Fungus
What predisposes you to bacterial keratitis?
Primary pathology
What are some symptoms of bacterial keratitis?
Hypopyon- Settled level of white cells
Painful
Gritty
Photophobia
How do you treat bacterial keratitis?
Hourly eye drops for 48h
What can cause viral keratitis?
Herpes simplex
Adenovirus
What are some symptoms of herpes simplex viral keratitis?
Dendritic ulcers Pain Irritation Reduced visual acuity Recurrent
What must you not do to herpes simplex viral keratitis?
Use steroids
What are the symptoms of adenoviral keratitis?
Bilateral
Following Upper Resp TI
Contagious
How do you treat adenoviral keratitis?
Give topical AB for 2ndry infections
What can cause fungal keratitis?
Acanthamoeba
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What are some of the symptoms of fungal keratitis?
Slow progression
History of trauma
Slow in healing
What tissue does Endophthalmitis affect?
Whole globe
How common is Endophthalmitis?
Rare
What can cause Endophthalmitis?
Post surgery or endogenous
Staph epidermidis
What are some of the symptoms of Endophthalmitis?
Severe pain
Loss of vision
Redness
Hypopyon
How do you treat Endophthalmitis?
Intravitreal amikacin/ ceftazidime/ vancomycin and topical antibiotics
Can cellulitis affect the eye?
Yes
What can cause cellulitis in the orbit?
Staph Strep Coliforms Influenza Anaerobes
What are some of the symptoms of cellulitis?
Painful eyes- especially on movement Proptosis- Eyes pushed forwards Paranasal sinusitis Pyrexia Red skin localised to the orbit
How do you treat cellulitis?
Scan for abscess
Broad spectrum AB
Drain abscess
What tissue does Chorioretinitis affect?
Choroid and retina
What can cause Chorioretinitis?
CMV in AIDS
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxocara canis (worm)
What signs can be seen in CMV caused Chorioretinitis?
Hemorrhage on retina
Where can toxoplasma caused Chorioretinitis be acquired?
Cats and raw meat
How does toxoplasma caused Chorioretinitis present?
Flu like symptoms
How do you treat toxoplasma caused Chorioretinitis?
Rarely causes problems unless immunosuppressed
Where can Toxocara canis (worm) be acquired from and how do you treat it?
Grows in and usually affects cats/dogs.
Can infect humans but can’t replicate therefore self-limiting
What is the most commonly used AB in ophthalmology?
Chloramphenicol
How can Chloramphenicol be administered?
Drops or ointment
How does Chloramphenicol work?
Inhibits peptidyl transferase enzyme (therefore stops bacterial protein being made)
What are some side effects of chloramphenicol?
Allergy Aplastic anaemia (rare) Grey baby syndrome- lower dose
What can chloramphenicol be used to treat?
Almost everything bar Pseudomonas aeruginosa
How do penicillins work?
Inhibit cell wall formation
How do Quinolones work?
Inhibit DNA synthesis
What is the most commonly used antiviral in ophthalmology?
Aciclovir
