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Ophthalmology > Infection > Flashcards

Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What parts of the eye can get infected?

A

Conjunctiva- Conjunctivitis
Cornea- Keratitis
Entire globe- endophthalmitis

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2
Q

What kind of infection do you get in the eye (name 5)

A 
Conjunctivitis
Keratitis
Endophthalmitis
Cellulitis
Chorioretinitis
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3
Q

What is conjunctivitis an infection of?

A

Conjunctiva

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4
Q

What can cause conjunctivitis?

A

Bacteria
Virus
Chlamydia

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5
Q

What bacteria most commonly cause conjunctivitis?

A

Staph aureus

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6
Q

What bacteria can cause conjunctivitis?

A 
S. Aureus
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
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7
Q

What are some of the symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis?

A 
Red/pink eye
Bilateral
Itchy
Watery
Gritty
Pus filled
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8
Q

How do you treat bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Swab for bacteria

Topical antibiotics

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9
Q

What viruses can cause conjunctivitis?

A

Adenovirus
Herpes simplex
Herpes zoster

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10
Q

What type of conjunctivitis can herpes zoster cause?

A

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus

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11
Q

What are some of the symptoms of viral conjunctivitis?

A 
Red/pink eye
Bilateral
Itchy
Watery
Gritty
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12
Q

How do you treat viral conjunctivitis?

A

Self limiting

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13
Q

What bacteria can cause a bad form of conjunctivitis?

A

Chlamydia

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14
Q

What are some of the symptoms of chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A 
Red/pink eye
Bilateral
Itchy
Watery
Gritty
Pus filled
Treatment resistance
Chronic
Formation of follicles causing scarring
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15
Q

What tissue does Keratitis affect?

A

Cornea

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16
Q

What three things can cause keratitis?

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungus

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17
Q

What predisposes you to bacterial keratitis?

A

Primary pathology

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18
Q

What are some symptoms of bacterial keratitis?

A

Hypopyon- Settled level of white cells
Painful
Gritty
Photophobia

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19
Q

How do you treat bacterial keratitis?

A

Hourly eye drops for 48h

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20
Q

What can cause viral keratitis?

A

Herpes simplex

Adenovirus

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21
Q

What are some symptoms of herpes simplex viral keratitis?

A 
Dendritic ulcers
Pain
Irritation
Reduced visual acuity 
Recurrent
22
Q

What must you not do to herpes simplex viral keratitis?

A

Use steroids

23
Q

What are the symptoms of adenoviral keratitis?

A

Bilateral
Following Upper Resp TI
Contagious

24
Q

How do you treat adenoviral keratitis?

A

Give topical AB for 2ndry infections

25
Q

What can cause fungal keratitis?

A

Acanthamoeba

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

26
Q

What are some of the symptoms of fungal keratitis?

A

Slow progression
History of trauma
Slow in healing

27
Q

What tissue does Endophthalmitis affect?

A

Whole globe

28
Q

How common is Endophthalmitis?

A

Rare

29
Q

What can cause Endophthalmitis?

A

Post surgery or endogenous

Staph epidermidis

30
Q

What are some of the symptoms of Endophthalmitis?

A

Severe pain
Loss of vision
Redness
Hypopyon

31
Q

How do you treat Endophthalmitis?

A

Intravitreal amikacin/ ceftazidime/ vancomycin and topical antibiotics

32
Q

Can cellulitis affect the eye?

A

Yes

33
Q

What can cause cellulitis in the orbit?

A 
Staph
Strep
Coliforms
Influenza
Anaerobes
34
Q

What are some of the symptoms of cellulitis?

A 
Painful eyes- especially on movement
Proptosis- Eyes pushed forwards
Paranasal sinusitis
Pyrexia
Red skin localised to the orbit
35
Q

How do you treat cellulitis?

A

Scan for abscess
Broad spectrum AB
Drain abscess

36
Q

What tissue does Chorioretinitis affect?

A

Choroid and retina

37
Q

What can cause Chorioretinitis?

A

CMV in AIDS
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxocara canis (worm)

38
Q

What signs can be seen in CMV caused Chorioretinitis?

A

Hemorrhage on retina

39
Q

Where can toxoplasma caused Chorioretinitis be acquired?

A

Cats and raw meat

40
Q

How does toxoplasma caused Chorioretinitis present?

A

Flu like symptoms

41
Q

How do you treat toxoplasma caused Chorioretinitis?

A

Rarely causes problems unless immunosuppressed

42
Q

Where can Toxocara canis (worm) be acquired from and how do you treat it?

A

Grows in and usually affects cats/dogs.

Can infect humans but can’t replicate therefore self-limiting

43
Q

What is the most commonly used AB in ophthalmology?

A

Chloramphenicol

44
Q

How can Chloramphenicol be administered?

A

Drops or ointment

45
Q

How does Chloramphenicol work?

A

Inhibits peptidyl transferase enzyme (therefore stops bacterial protein being made)

46
Q

What are some side effects of chloramphenicol?

A 
Allergy
Aplastic anaemia (rare)
Grey baby syndrome- lower dose
47
Q

What can chloramphenicol be used to treat?

A

Almost everything bar Pseudomonas aeruginosa

48
Q

How do penicillins work?

A

Inhibit cell wall formation

49
Q

How do Quinolones work?

A

Inhibit DNA synthesis

50
Q

What is the most commonly used antiviral in ophthalmology?

A

Aciclovir

Ophthalmology (10 decks)

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