Pharmacology Flashcards
How would hinder you synapses in the NMJ?
Block ACh transport and voltage-gated Ca ion channels
What can be used to block ACh transport?
Hemicholinium
What are the cons of using hemicholinium?
It blocks all cholinergic synapses
What blocks voltage-gaetd Ca ion channels?
Black widow toxin
What are the effects of the black widow toxin?
Blocks release of neurotransmitters everywhere
How can you improve NMJ synapses?
Release more ACh and block acetylcholinesterase
How would you release more ACh?
Let more Ca ions in
Why should acetylcholinesterase be blocked?
So ACh hangs about in the synaptic cleft for longer
What are the clinical applications of synapses in the NMJ?
Can be used to paralyse patients for surgery and can be used to prevent the effect of toxins and blockers
How would you hinder preganglionic fibres in the ANS?
Same as for synapses in the NMJ
How would you improve preganglionic synapses in the ANS?
Activate nicotinic receptors
What are the clinical applications for preganglionic synapses in the ANS?
Absolutely none at all
What are the 2 types of postganglionic synapses in the ANS?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
How could you hinder sympathetic postganglionic fibres in the ANS?
Block enzymes that produce nor-adrenaline, block nor-adrenaline transporters and introduce false transmitters
What can be used to block nor-adrenaline enzymes?
Carbidopa
How could you improve sympathetic postganglionic fibres in the ANS?
Stimulate nor-adrenaline release, activate postsynaptic receptors or inhibit uptake into neurones
What can be used to activate postsynaptic receptors?
Salbutamol
What can be used to inhibit uptake into neurones?
Cocaine
What are the clinical applications of sympathetic postganglionic receptors?
Alpha 1 agonists, alpha 2 agonists, beta 2 agonists and beta 1 antagonists
What is the function of alpha 1 agonists?
Pupil dilation
What is the function of alpha 2 agonists?
Treats hypertension
What is the function of beta 2 agonists?
Treats asthma
What is the function of beta 1 antagonists?
Treats hypertension
How could you hinder parasympathetic postganglionic synapses?
Muscarinic receptor antagonists
How could you improve parasympathetic postganglionic synapses?
Muscarinic receptor agonists
What are the clinical applications of parasympathetic postganglionic synapses?
Mimics or blocks the effect of the parasympathetic system
What are the functions of receptors?
They enable specificity, evoke an appropriate response, can trigger a variety of effects and can inhibit the effects of their proteins and chemicals
What is a receptor?
Proteins that recognise a specific compound or molecule
What is the function of an agonist?
Mimics the normal effect of the receptor
What happens when [agonist] increases?
More receptors are occupied and their effect increases
When do agonist stop working?
When all the receptors become saturated as there is nowhere for the agonist to bind
What is the function of an antagonist?
Blocks the normal action of the receptor
What does affinity mean?
The strength of the chemical attraction between the drug and receptor
What does efficacy mean?
How goos an agonist is at activating the particular receptor
Where are the IC sources for Ca?
internal sources, external sources and from inhibiting Ca transport out of the cell
How can you get Ca from internal stores?
Triggering the endoplasmic reticulum
How can you get Ca from external sources?
Ligand and voltage-gated channels
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
Network of membranous tubules around eukaryotic cells that contains ribosomes and is involved in RNA and lipid synthesis
What is the difference between the endoplasmic reticulum and the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is just smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in myocytes
What are the 4 types of receptors can signal across membranes?
Receptors that act as ion channels, receptors with intrinsic enzyme activity, receptors that interact with JAK kinase and receptors that interact with G-proteins
What is the function of a kinase?
Adds phosphate groups
What are G-protein receptors?
Largest family of membrane spanning receptors with 7 subtypes with similar structures
What are examples of G-proteins?
Adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C
What are the functions of adenyl cyclase?
Increases and decreases the conc. of cAMP and activates and inhibits PKA
What are the functions of phospholipase C?
Produces diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate, activates PKC and releases Ca ions from stores
