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Science for Medicine > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

How would hinder you synapses in the NMJ?

A

Block ACh transport and voltage-gated Ca ion channels

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2
Q

What can be used to block ACh transport?

A

Hemicholinium

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3
Q

What are the cons of using hemicholinium?

A

It blocks all cholinergic synapses

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4
Q

What blocks voltage-gaetd Ca ion channels?

A

Black widow toxin

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5
Q

What are the effects of the black widow toxin?

A

Blocks release of neurotransmitters everywhere

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6
Q

How can you improve NMJ synapses?

A

Release more ACh and block acetylcholinesterase

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7
Q

How would you release more ACh?

A

Let more Ca ions in

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8
Q

Why should acetylcholinesterase be blocked?

A

So ACh hangs about in the synaptic cleft for longer

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9
Q

What are the clinical applications of synapses in the NMJ?

A

Can be used to paralyse patients for surgery and can be used to prevent the effect of toxins and blockers

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10
Q

How would you hinder preganglionic fibres in the ANS?

A

Same as for synapses in the NMJ

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11
Q

How would you improve preganglionic synapses in the ANS?

A

Activate nicotinic receptors

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12
Q

What are the clinical applications for preganglionic synapses in the ANS?

A

Absolutely none at all

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of postganglionic synapses in the ANS?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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14
Q

How could you hinder sympathetic postganglionic fibres in the ANS?

A

Block enzymes that produce nor-adrenaline, block nor-adrenaline transporters and introduce false transmitters

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15
Q

What can be used to block nor-adrenaline enzymes?

A

Carbidopa

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16
Q

How could you improve sympathetic postganglionic fibres in the ANS?

A

Stimulate nor-adrenaline release, activate postsynaptic receptors or inhibit uptake into neurones

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17
Q

What can be used to activate postsynaptic receptors?

A

Salbutamol

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18
Q

What can be used to inhibit uptake into neurones?

A

Cocaine

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19
Q

What are the clinical applications of sympathetic postganglionic receptors?

A

Alpha 1 agonists, alpha 2 agonists, beta 2 agonists and beta 1 antagonists

20
Q

What is the function of alpha 1 agonists?

A

Pupil dilation

21
Q

What is the function of alpha 2 agonists?

A

Treats hypertension

22
Q

What is the function of beta 2 agonists?

A

Treats asthma

23
Q

What is the function of beta 1 antagonists?

A

Treats hypertension

24
Q

How could you hinder parasympathetic postganglionic synapses?

A

Muscarinic receptor antagonists

25
Q

How could you improve parasympathetic postganglionic synapses?

A

Muscarinic receptor agonists

26
Q

What are the clinical applications of parasympathetic postganglionic synapses?

A

Mimics or blocks the effect of the parasympathetic system

27
Q

What are the functions of receptors?

A

They enable specificity, evoke an appropriate response, can trigger a variety of effects and can inhibit the effects of their proteins and chemicals

28
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Proteins that recognise a specific compound or molecule

29
Q

What is the function of an agonist?

A

Mimics the normal effect of the receptor

30
Q

What happens when [agonist] increases?

A

More receptors are occupied and their effect increases

31
Q

When do agonist stop working?

A

When all the receptors become saturated as there is nowhere for the agonist to bind

32
Q

What is the function of an antagonist?

A

Blocks the normal action of the receptor

33
Q

What does affinity mean?

A

The strength of the chemical attraction between the drug and receptor

34
Q

What does efficacy mean?

A

How goos an agonist is at activating the particular receptor

35
Q

Where are the IC sources for Ca?

A

internal sources, external sources and from inhibiting Ca transport out of the cell

36
Q

How can you get Ca from internal stores?

A

Triggering the endoplasmic reticulum

37
Q

How can you get Ca from external sources?

A

Ligand and voltage-gated channels

38
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of membranous tubules around eukaryotic cells that contains ribosomes and is involved in RNA and lipid synthesis

39
Q

What is the difference between the endoplasmic reticulum and the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum is just smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in myocytes

40
Q

What are the 4 types of receptors can signal across membranes?

A

Receptors that act as ion channels, receptors with intrinsic enzyme activity, receptors that interact with JAK kinase and receptors that interact with G-proteins

41
Q

What is the function of a kinase?

A

Adds phosphate groups

42
Q

What are G-protein receptors?

A

Largest family of membrane spanning receptors with 7 subtypes with similar structures

43
Q

What are examples of G-proteins?

A

Adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C

44
Q

What are the functions of adenyl cyclase?

A

Increases and decreases the conc. of cAMP and activates and inhibits PKA

45
Q

What are the functions of phospholipase C?

A

Produces diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate, activates PKC and releases Ca ions from stores

Science for Medicine (19 decks)

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