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Science for Medicine > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of response involved in the immune response?

A

Innate and adaptive

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2
Q

What is the innate immune response?

A

Non-specific first line of defence that involves phagocytic cells

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3
Q

What cells are involved in the innate immune response?

A

Phagocytes, neutrophils and NK cells

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4
Q

What is involved in the innate immune response?

A

Physical barriers, phagocytic cells and soluble factors

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5
Q

What are the physical barriers involved in the innate immune response?

A

Tight junctions between epithelia and mucous membranes

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6
Q

What are phagocytic cells?

A

Phagocytes and neutrophils

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7
Q

What are NK cells?

A

Cytotoxic cells that attack virus infected cells and cancer cells by forming pores on the target cell membrane and inserting self-destructive enzyme which causes the cell to induce apoptosis

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8
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

A type of intracellular killing that is triggered when a phagocyte recognises a foreign cell

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9
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis?

A

The phagocyte moves towards the pathogen after detecting chemicals released by it. The pathogen is then engulfed in a vacuole which then fuses with lysosomes which digests the pathogen. The lysosomes are killed and the breakdown of products are then returned to the cytoplasm

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10
Q

What are the properties of the adaptive immune response?

A

Specificity, diversity, memory and the recruitment of other defence mechanisms

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11
Q

Where are lymphocytes generated?

A

Primary lymphoid organs

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12
Q

What are examples of primary lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus, foetal liver and bone marrow

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13
Q

Where is the immune system initiated and the lymphocytes maintained?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

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14
Q

What are examples of secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes and spleen

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15
Q

What are B-lymphocytes?

A

Differentiated plasma cells that produce antibodies that are specifically designed for the pathogen

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16
Q

What part of the B-lymphocyte is detects the pathogen first?

A

Membrane bound antibody

17
Q

Are B-lymphocytes soluble in plasma?

A

Yes

18
Q

What is the function of B-lymphocytes?

A

Make and secrete specifically designed antibodies into the lymph and blood

19
Q

What are the 5 different types of antibody?

A

IgG, IgA, IgE, IgM and IgD

20
Q

What is IgG?

A

Secondary response

21
Q

What is IgA?

A

Mucosal

22
Q

What is IgM?

A

Primary response

23
Q

What is IgE?

A

Allergy

24
Q

What is IgD?

A

No known functions mate

25
Q

What are antigens?

A

Proteins that are able to evoke an immune response by reacting with immune products

26
Q

What are antigen presenting cells?

A

Phagocytes that display fragments of pathogens on their surface after destroying them

27
Q

What produces a clone of T-lymphocytes?

A

Antigen presenting cells

28
Q

What are T lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes that move to the site of infection via cytokines and are responsible for cell mediated immunity and helping B cells

29
Q

What must happen to T lymphocytes?

A

They must be taught not to react to self antigens

30
Q

What are the 2 types of T lymphocytes?

A

Th and Tc

31
Q

What are Th cells?

A

CD4+ cells that can’t kill pathogens and can activate and direct other immune cells. They come in 2 types: Th1 ad Th2

32
Q

What is the function of Th1?

A

They activate Tc cells and macrophages and are involved in type 4 hypersensitivity

33
Q

What is the function of Th2?

A

They help B cells produce antibodies and switch IgM to IgE, which is involved in type 1 hypersensitivity

34
Q

What are Tc cells?

A

CD8+ cytotoxic T cells that destroy infected cells by inducing apoptosis

35
Q

How many serum proteins make up the complement system?

A

25

36
Q

What are the 3 events involved in the complement system?

A

Recruitment of inflammatory cells, coating of bacteria and lysis of bacteria

37
Q

What is the function of cytokines?

A

They increase the delivery of antimicrobial proteins and clotting elements

38
Q

What are memory cells?

A

Cloned B and T cells that were not involved in fighting the infection and survive long term

Science for Medicine (19 decks)

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