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Science for Medicine > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the average circulating volume?

A

5 litres (lungs=1, systematic venus circulation=3, heart and atrial circulation=1)

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2
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Carriers physiologically active compounds, clotting, defence, carriage of gas, thermoregulation and maintains pH

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3
Q

What physiologically active compounds does blood carry?

A

Enzymes, hormones and nutrients

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4
Q

What 2 substances are involved in clotting?

A

Prothrombin and fibrinogen

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5
Q

What provides defence?

A

Leukocytes

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6
Q

What gases does blood carry?

A

Oxygen and CO2

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7
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

Maintaining body temperature through vasodilation (cold) and vasoconstriction (hot)

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8
Q

Where is pH maintained?

A

In the ECF

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9
Q

What is plasma?

A

Circulates biologically active molecules and compounds

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10
Q

What is plasma made out of?

A

95% water, 5% protein

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11
Q

What are the 3 sub categories of plasma proteins?

A

Albumin, globulin and fibrinogen

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12
Q

What happens when there is a small change in plasma protein composition?

A

Big problemo

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13
Q

Do plasma readily cross the cell wall?

A

No

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14
Q

What is the function of albumin?

A

Transports lipid soluble and steroid hormones and helps to create colloid oncotic pressure

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15
Q

What is the function of globulins?

A

alpha/beta- transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins

gamma- antibodies

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16
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen?

A

Clotting factors

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17
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

An osmotic potential created by plasma proteins displacing water as they can’t cross the capillary wall

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18
Q

What is the function of osmotic pressure?

A

It can pull water from the IF into the lumen and can move chemicals and nutrients as water moves

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19
Q

What is constant in oncotic pressure?

A

Concentration, volume can change

20
Q

What is the most abundant out of WBCs, RBCs and platelets?

A

RBC-> WBC-> platelets

21
Q

What has the highest lifespan out of WBCs, RBCs and platelets?

A

RBC: 120 days
WBC: 13-20 days
Platelets: 8-9 days

22
Q

What is the function of RBCs?

A

Carries oxygen around the body using haemoglobin

23
Q

What are the properties of RBCs?

A

Highly flexible, bi concave and are non-nucleated

24
Q

What is another name for RBCs?

A

Erythrocytes

25
Q

What is Erythropoiesis?

A

The formation of RBCs, form pluripotent stem cells -> erythroblast (mature RBCs). It takes 2-3 days

26
Q

What stimulates erythropoiesis?

A

Erythropoietin

27
Q

What secrets erythropoietin?

A

The peritubluar capillary cells found in kidneys. Increased secretion when oxygen supply to the kidneys is low

28
Q

What causes oxygen supply to decrease in kidneys?

A

Hypoxia, haemorrhage, anaemia and lung disease

29
Q

What are WBCs?

A

Leukocytes which are larger than RBCs and are nucleated

30
Q

What is the function of WBCs?

A

They defend against pathogens and several different subcategories

31
Q

What are the 5 types of WBCs?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes

32
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

They are the most common type of WBC that have a half life of 6 days. They are phagocytic and mainly deal with bacterial infection by trapping bacteria in NETS

33
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

They attack pathogens that are too large for other WBCs and their numbers increase during an allergic reaction

34
Q

What are basophils?

A

They release histamine and heparin which promotes inflammation

35
Q

What are monocytes?

A

They are the largest WBC that have a life span of 72 hours. They migrate to other tissues and become macrophages

36
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

They are key components of the immune system and contain T and B cells

37
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A

The formation of WBCs by a controlled dynamic cocktail of cytokines which are released by endothelial cells, fibroblasts and mature WBCs.

38
Q

What are the cytokines involved in leukopoiesis?

A

Growth stimulus factors and interleukins. They stimulate mitosis and the maturation of leukocytes

39
Q

What is a monocyte?

A

Differentiated WBC that migrate to connective tissue where they become macrophages and live for 3 months

40
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

A large WBC that engulfs bacteria via phagocytosis

41
Q

What are platelets?

A

They are unique membrane bound fragments of megakaryocytes. They are formed by thrombopoietin

42
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

They attach to damaged capillary walls and exposed connective tissue to mediate blood clotting. They don’t attach to healthy epithelium

43
Q

What is haematocrit?

A

The % of blood made up by RBCs, which is higher in males than it is in females. It can be changed due to certain factors e.g. altitude (increases)

44
Q

What is blood viscosity?

A

The thickness of blood in comparison to water. It changes with haematocrit, temperature and flow rate

45
Q

Is whole blood thicker than plasma?

A

Yes

Science for Medicine (19 decks)

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