Pharmacology Flashcards
What are opioids used for?
Opioids are analgesic drugs used to provide pain relief.
Opioids are often prescribed for moderate to severe pain management.
What is the most common side effect of opioids?
Constipation.
This side effect is significant and often requires management strategies.
How do opioids affect gastric function?
Opioid drugs inhibit gastric emptying and peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract.
This leads to slowed movement of food through the digestive system.
What causes constipation in patients taking opioids?
Increased absorption of fluid due to inhibited gastrointestinal function leads to hardening of stool.
The lack of fluid in the intestine is a key factor in stool hardening.
What type of drugs are opioid analgesics classified as?
Central nervous system (CNS) depressants.
This classification means they can affect alertness and overall CNS function.
What is a common effect of opioid analgesics on alertness?
They commonly cause drowsiness.
Patients should be cautious about activities requiring full alertness, such as driving.
What effect do opioid analgesics have on gastric emptying and peristalsis?
Opioid analgesics can slow gastric emptying and peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract, causing an increased absorption of fluid.
This can lead to hardening of stool and constipation.
What is a common side effect of opioid analgesics related to alertness?
Opioid analgesics are central nervous system (CNS) depressants that commonly cause drowsiness.
How do opioid analgesics affect respiration?
Opioid analgesics can cause mild sedation and hypoventilation due to their CNS depressant effects.
What cardiovascular effects can opioid analgesics have?
Opioid analgesics can lead to decreased cardiac function, including bradycardia, vasodilation, and hypotension.
What does a study’s power indicate?
A study’s power indicates the likelihood that the study will detect a difference between the two groups, given that a difference truly exists.
Which study has the largest power?
Chu et al. 2009 has the largest power.
It is illustrated by the size of the square on the forest plot.
What does the confidence interval indicate?
The confidence interval indicates the range within which the true effect size is expected to lie.
Which study has the widest confidence interval?
Jones et al. 1993 has the widest confidence interval.
It is illustrated by the length of the horizontal lines on the forest plot.
What does it mean if an odds ratio is not statistically significant?
It means that the confidence interval crosses the line of no difference (i.e., includes the value ‘1’).
Which study’s odds ratio is not statistically significant?
Smith et al. 1991’s odds ratio is not statistically significant.
Since the confidence interval crosses the line of no difference.
What is an ameloblastoma?
An ameloblastoma is a painless, aggressive, benign odontogenic tumor that typically appears in the posterior mandible.
These lesions can cause rapid cortical expansion, tooth displacement, and root resorption, with a high incidence of recurrence following treatment.
How does an ameloblastoma appear on a panoramic image?
On a panoramic image, an ameloblastoma can be seen as a well-defined, multilocular, radiolucent lesion with soap bubble septa that can extend through large portions of the posterior mandible.
What is a compound odontoma?
A compound odontoma is a benign odontogenic tumor that appears as a collection of ‘tooth-like’ structures containing enamel, dentin, pulp, and cementum.
These tumors may sometimes cause bony expansion and can result in tooth impaction.
How does a compound odontoma appear radiographically?
Radiographically, a compound odontoma appears as well-defined radiopaque structures with radiolucent capsules.
