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NBEO Part 1 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Tx for preseptal cellulitis

A

Oral antibiotics: augmentin 875 mg po BID
For 7-10 days

*augmentin = amoxicillin-clavulanate

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2
Q

Upneeq

Generic name?
MOA?
Tx?

A

Generic name: oxymetazoline
MOA: works on alpha-1 receptors to activate muller’s (which elevates eyelid 2-3mm)
Tx: ptosis

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3
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of pilocarpine?

A

Pilocarpine pulls on the ciliary muscle, which opens the trabecular meshwork (TM)

This action facilitates corneoscleral outflow, accounting for 80% of the conventional route.

*direct cholinergic agonist, increases outflow via corneoscleral route

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4
Q

What condition can pilocarpine help treat after angle closure?

A

It can help make the iris tight again by inducing miosis

This is relevant for conditions like acute angle-closure glaucoma.

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5
Q

What are some adverse effects of pilocarpine?

A

Headaches, brow aches, myopic shift

Myopic shift can cause accommodation issues.

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6
Q

What is the effect of a 0.1% pilocarpine solution on the pupil?

A

It causes pupil constriction

This is a direct result of cholinergic stimulation.

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7
Q

What is the role of neostigmine in relation to acetylcholine?

A

It inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

This action increases the availability of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.

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8
Q

Name two medications used to treat myasthenia gravis.

A

Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine

Both inhibit AChE to enhance neuromuscular transmission.

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9
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of echothiophate?

A

It is an irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase

This characteristic leads to prolonged effects.

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10
Q

What condition could beta blockers exacerbate in the context of cholinergic agonists?

A

Myasthenia gravis

Beta blockers can worsen symptoms by reducing cholinergic activity.

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11
Q

What is a common side effect of cholinergic agonists related to vision?

A

Diplopia

This can occur due to the effects on ciliary muscle function.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Pilocarpine is used to induce _______ in the treatment of glaucoma.

A

miosis

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13
Q

True or False: Donepezil is used to treat Alzheimer’s dementia.

A

True

Donepezil is a cholinesterase inhibitor that helps improve cognitive function.

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14
Q

What does the ciliary muscle do when stimulated by pilocarpine?

A

It contracts, leading to an opening of the trabecular meshwork

This mechanism is crucial for reducing intraocular pressure.

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15
Q

What is the effect of pilocarpine on the sphincter muscle?

A

It stimulates the sphincter muscle

This results in pupil constriction and is important in treating certain types of glaucoma.

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16
Q

MOA: inhibit acetylcholinesterase

A

Neosytgmine
Pyridostigmine
Edrophonium
Echothiophate

17
Q

Topical ophthalmic indications of fluoroquinolones

A
  • CL related corneal ulcers
  • corneal abrasions
  • bacterial conjunctivitis
18
Q

Adverse effects of oral trimethoprim

A

Aplastic anemia
* bone marrow suppression leads to aplastic anemia
Leukopenia
Granulocytopenia

19
Q

Metformin
Class?
MOA?
Tx?

A

Biguanide
* decrease blood glucose by inhibiting gluconeogenesis in liver and by promoting glucose reuptake by liver and muscles
Tx: diabetes

20
Q

What drug based factors allow for better ability of medication to pass through plasma membranes?

A
  1. Smaller molecular structure
  2. Lipid-soluble
  3. Non-ionized
21
Q

Name two examples of sedating antihistamines

A

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®), chlorpheniramine (ChlorTrimeton®)

Other examples include promethazine (Phenergan®) and hydroxyzine (Atarax®)

22
Q

Name four examples of non-sedating antihistamines

A

Fexofenadine (Allegra®), loratadine (Claritin®), desloratadine (Clarinex®), cetirizine (Zyrtec®)

Non-sedating antihistamines are designed to minimize drowsiness.

23
Q

True or False: Non-sedating antihistamines cannot cause drowsiness at all.

A

False

While considered non-sedating, drowsiness is still possible with these medications.

24
Q

What is a key reason why non-sedating antihistamines are less likely to cause drowsiness?

A

They don’t cross the blood-brain barrier as much as older antihistamines

This reduced penetration into the central nervous system is why they are less sedating.

25
Q

What is the sedative effect of Fexofenadine at high doses?

A

No sedative effect

Studies have shown that Fexofenadine maintains no sedative effects even at high doses.

26
Q

At what doses can loratadine and desloratadine have a low sedative effect?

A

Higher doses

At recommended doses, loratadine and desloratadine have no sedative effect.

27
Q

Fill in the blank: Cetirizine can have a _______ sedative effect at recommended doses.

A

low

At higher doses, cetirizine can have a moderate sedative effect.

28
Q

Fill in the blank: The sedative effect of cetirizine at higher doses is considered _______.

A

moderate

This indicates that cetirizine can cause more drowsiness compared to other non-sedating antihistamines at increased dosages.

29
Q

What do Class I agents affect?

A

Sodium channels

Class I agents ultimately serve to either lengthen or shorten the duration of the action potential and help to prevent ventricular arrhythmias.

30
Q

What is the primary function of Class II agents?

A

Decrease sympathetic activity of the heart

Class II agents block beta adrenergic receptors and aid in preventing recurrence of myocardial infarction.

31
Q

How do Class III agents prevent arrhythmias?

A

By blocking potassium channels

Class III agents prolong repolarization.

32
Q

What do Class IV agents block?

A

Calcium channels

Class IV agents decrease conduction through the AV node.

33
Q

True or False: Class I agents help in preventing ventricular arrhythmias.

A

True

34
Q

Fill in the blank: Class II agents aid in preventing recurrence of _______.

A

myocardial infarction

35
Q

What is the effect of Class III agents on repolarization?

A

They prolong it

36
Q

What is the impact of Class IV agents on the AV node?

A

Decreases conduction

NBEO Part 1 (15 decks)

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