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Year 1 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of pharamcology

A

Study of drugs, pharmaceuticals, medicines

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2
Q

Definition of medicine

A

type of applied pharmacology in which doctors prescribe drugs

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3
Q

Definition of pharmacy

A

licensed profession of preparing and dispensing drugs

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4
Q

Why herbal remedies not very effective?

A
  1. Mixture of multiple ingredients
  2. At variable amounts
  3. Contaminants which might be toxic
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5
Q

Definition of drug

A

Active substance with a direct effect in diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease

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6
Q

Definition of placebo

A

an inactive substance administered as though it is a drug but which has no therapeutic effect (other than pleasing the patient)

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7
Q

Important attributes of drugs

A

Purity
Potency
Efficacy
Variability
Selectivity
Safety
Bioavailability
Cost

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8
Q

How do tiny amounts of drug have powerful effects?

A

Bind transiently to command and control molecules in the body by lock and key

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9
Q

Types of drug targets

A

Ligand gated ion channels
GPCR
Kinase-linked receptors
Nuclear receptors
Enzymes
Voltage-gated ion channels
Transporters

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10
Q

What is agonist?

A

Substance reversibly binds to its receptor on the cell surface to produce a response by activating receptor signalling

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11
Q

2 types of agonist

A

Endogenous, drug

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12
Q

What is affinity?

A

Extent to which a drug binds to its receptor at a given concentration
(unbinding - related to chemical bond)

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13
Q

What is intrinsic activity (efficacy)?

A

Ability of a drug to illicit a pharmacological effect

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14
Q

What does parallel sigmoid curves indicate?

A

Both agonists share the same mechanism of action

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15
Q

What does wide therapeutic index means?

A

Very few people taking effective therapeutic dose will also experience toxic effects

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16
Q

Formula of therapeutic index

A

TD50/ED50

17
Q

Definition of therapeutic window

A

Range of plasma drug concentrations within which a drug is working therapeutically without side effects

18
Q

What is competitive antagonist?

A

Does not produce biological effect directly, but competes with agonist for binding to the receptor

19
Q

Affinity and efficacy of competitive antagonist

A

Has affinity as it binds to the receptor but no efficacy as it doesn’t induce receptor signalling

20
Q

Effect of competitive antagonist on potency, efficacy of agonist

A

Reduced potency and same efficacy

21
Q

What is non-competitive antagonist?

A

Irreversibly occupy receptor’s active site, so agonist cannot elicit a maximum response

22
Q

Effect of non-competitive antagonist on potency, efficacy of agonist

A

Reduced potency, reduced efficacy

23
Q

What is pharmacokinetic antagonism

A

Drug interaction
- reduces concentration of the agonist by reducing absorption, distribution or increasing metabolism, excretion

24
Q

What is physiological antagonism?

A

Two drugs or substances which have opposing physiological actions in the body acting via different receptors

25
Q

What is spare receptors?

A

Remaining receptors when agonist produce maximal response by activating only a proportion of receptors

26
Q

What is partial agonist?

A

Cannot achieve maximal response by occupying all available receptors (low efficacy, e.g. pindolol on beta-1 adrenergic receptors)

27
Q

How drug acts on ion channels?

A

Acts as agonist or antagonists
e.g. anaesthetics blocking Na channels

28
Q

How drug acts on enzymes?

A

Acts as inducer, inhibitor (prodrug, false substrate…)
e.g. aspirin inhibits cyclooxygenase

29
Q

How drug acts on transporters?

A

Act allosterically, bind to carrier site or be a false substrate
e.g. SSRI (fluoxetine)

30
Q

What is tolerance/tachyphylaxis?

A

On repeated administration, increasing doses need to be given for the same effect
(tachyphylaxis is fo fast)

31
Q

Possible causes of tolerance

A

Receptor down-regulation, enhanced drug elimination…

Year 1 (6 decks)

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