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Year 1 > Anatomy FoM 4 > Flashcards

Anatomy FoM 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Constituents of peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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2
Q

What is sensory information?

A

Information received by the CNS from external/internal environments of body

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3
Q

What is motor information?

A

Information transmit from CNS to skeletal muscle by SNS
to cardiac, smooth muscles by ANS

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4
Q

2 types of neuron

A

Afferent, efferent

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5
Q

What is afferent neuron?

A

carry sensory information to CNS

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6
Q

What is efferent neuron?

A

carry motor information from CNS

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7
Q

What is nerve plexus?

A

Network of nerve fibres that allow multiple nerve fibres to be distributed in a single peripheral nerve

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8
Q

What is ganglion?

A

Collection of neuronal cell bodies outside CNS

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9
Q

Where does spinal cord starts and ends?

A

Lower border of foramen magnum
Intervertebral disc between L1,L2

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10
Q

Which part does spinal cord continuous with?

A

Medulla oblongata
Conus medullaris

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11
Q

Spinal cord consisted of?

A

Grey matter, white matter, central canal

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12
Q

What causes white colour of white matter?

A

Myelinated axons within nerve fibres

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13
Q

Why does vertebral column longer than spinal cord?

A

During embryonic development, vertebral column grows more rapidly than the spinal cord

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14
Q

Where does lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal cord crowded at?

A

T11-L2

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15
Q

Relationship between vertebral spine and spinal cord segments

A

Cervical: 1 lower
Upper thoracic : 2 lower
Lower thoracic : 3 lower

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16
Q

What is nerve fibre consisted of?

A

Axon, Schwann cells, myelin sheath

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17
Q

Two bundles of axons of spinal nerve

A

Ventral root, dorsal root

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18
Q

Role of dorsal roots&rootlets

A

Transmit sensory information to spinal cord

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19
Q

Role of ventral roots&rootlets

A

Transmit motor information from spinal cord

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20
Q

Where does pseudo unipolar sensory neurons located?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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21
Q

What is dense irregular CT that surround group of fascicles?

A

Epineurium

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22
Q

What is sheath of specialised cells that surround each fascicle?

A

Perineurium

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23
Q

What is loose CT that surround each individual nerve fibres and blood vessels?

A

Endoneurium

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24
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs there are?

A

31

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25
Where does multipolar motor neurone located?
Ventral horn
26
Where do spinal nerves emerge from?
Intervertebral foramen
27
Characteristics of dorsal and ventral rami
Branches of spinal nerve, which contains both sensory and motor fibres
28
Which segments do spinal nerves emerge from intervertebral foramen above?
C1-C7
29
Which segments do spinal nerves emerge from intervertebral foramen below?
C8, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
30
What posterior muscle and its overlying skin does dorsal rami innervate?
Erector spinae
31
In what types of nerve do ventral ramus form?
Intercostal nerve Intercostal nerve's lateral cutaneous&anterior cutaneous branch
32
Where does intercostal nerves innervate?
Intercostal muscles Skin (by cutaneous branch) Abdominal wall muscles and overlying skin
33
Size comparison of dorsal and ventral ramus
Dorsal < Ventral
34
What does cutaneous receptors sense?
Touch Pressure Pain Temperature
35
Myotome
A region of skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve/spinal segment
36
What are the basic components of somatic reflex arc?
Sensory receptor Sensory neuron Motor neuron Skeletal muscle fibre
37
Where does somatic plexus supply?
Skin, voluntary skeletal muscle, joints from ventral rami
38
What type of somatic plexuses present?
Cervical Brachial Lumbar Sacral
39
Where does cervical plexus supply and which spinal nerves?
Skin and muscles of head, neck, shoulder C1-C4
40
Where does brachial plexus supply and which spinal nerves?
Axillary (Shoulder region) Musculocutaneous (BBC) Radial (posterior arm, forearm, hand) Ulnar (anterior forearm, hand) Median (anterior forearm, hand) C5-T1
41
Lumbar plexus
L1-L4
42
Which nerve supplies anterior aspect and which nerve supplies medial aspect of thigh?
Anterior - femoral Medial - obturator
43
What is segmental root value of femoral and obturator nerves?
L2-L4
44
Sacral plexus
L4,L5,S1-S4
45
Which nerve supplies posterior aspect of thigh, leg and foot?
Sciatic nerve (leaving pelvis and enter buttock)
46
What is segmental root value of sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
47
Why is radial nerve named 'radial'?
It goes through radial groove at posterior aspect of humerus Supply arm extensor
48
At which weeks of pregnancy does limb develops?
4th-8th
49
At which trilaminar disc does skin and skeletomuscular system develop?
Skin - ectoderm Skeletomuscular - mesoderm
50
What happens at week 4 of embryonic development?
Form apical ectodermal ridge Limb grows in proximo-distal growth AER promotes cell proliferation in mesenchyme (cells to form cartilage, muscle)
51
What happens at week 6 of embryonic development?
Distal parts of limb buds form hand plates and footplates Digits form by apoptosis
52
What does complete absence and partial absence of limb called?
Complete - Amelia Partial - meromelia
53
What is toxins/drugs which may disrupt molecular signalling within the limb bud?
Teratogens (e.g. thalidomide)
54
In which direction does upper and lower limb rotate?
Upper limb - laterally Lower limb - medially
55
Where is cerebrospinal fluid?
In subarachnoid space
56
At which level lumbar puncture occurs?
L3-L4
57
How many cranial nerves?
12 pairs (I-XII)
58
What is one exception of cranial nerve that innervates structures in thorax and abdomen?
Vagus nerve (X)
59
What is cauda equina consisted of?
Nerve roots
60
What muscle innervated by femoral nerve?
Quadriceps femoris Rectus femoris Iliacus
61
What muscle innervated by sciatic nerve?
Hamstring

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