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Year 1 > Anatomy FoM 4 > Flashcards

Anatomy FoM 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Constituents of peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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2
Q

What is sensory information?

A

Information received by the CNS from external/internal environments of body

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3
Q

What is motor information?

A

Information transmit from CNS to skeletal muscle by SNS
to cardiac, smooth muscles by ANS

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4
Q

2 types of neuron

A

Afferent, efferent

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5
Q

What is afferent neuron?

A

carry sensory information to CNS

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6
Q

What is efferent neuron?

A

carry motor information from CNS

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7
Q

What is nerve plexus?

A

Network of nerve fibres that allow multiple nerve fibres to be distributed in a single peripheral nerve

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8
Q

What is ganglion?

A

Collection of neuronal cell bodies outside CNS

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9
Q

Where does spinal cord starts and ends?

A

Lower border of foramen magnum
Intervertebral disc between L1,L2

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10
Q

Which part does spinal cord continuous with?

A

Medulla oblongata
Conus medullaris

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11
Q

Spinal cord consisted of?

A

Grey matter, white matter, central canal

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12
Q

What causes white colour of white matter?

A

Myelinated axons within nerve fibres

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13
Q

Why does vertebral column longer than spinal cord?

A

During embryonic development, vertebral column grows more rapidly than the spinal cord

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14
Q

Where does lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal cord crowded at?

A

T11-L2

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15
Q

Relationship between vertebral spine and spinal cord segments

A

Cervical: 1 lower
Upper thoracic : 2 lower
Lower thoracic : 3 lower

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16
Q

What is nerve fibre consisted of?

A

Axon, Schwann cells, myelin sheath

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17
Q

Two bundles of axons of spinal nerve

A

Ventral root, dorsal root

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18
Q

Role of dorsal roots&rootlets

A

Transmit sensory information to spinal cord

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19
Q

Role of ventral roots&rootlets

A

Transmit motor information from spinal cord

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20
Q

Where does pseudo unipolar sensory neurons located?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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21
Q

What is dense irregular CT that surround group of fascicles?

A

Epineurium

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22
Q

What is sheath of specialised cells that surround each fascicle?

A

Perineurium

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23
Q

What is loose CT that surround each individual nerve fibres and blood vessels?

A

Endoneurium

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24
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs there are?

A

31

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25
Q

Where does multipolar motor neurone located?

A

Ventral horn

26
Q

Where do spinal nerves emerge from?

A

Intervertebral foramen

27
Q

Characteristics of dorsal and ventral rami

A

Branches of spinal nerve, which contains both sensory and motor fibres

28
Q

Which segments do spinal nerves emerge from intervertebral foramen above?

A

C1-C7

29
Q

Which segments do spinal nerves emerge from intervertebral foramen below?

A

C8, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

30
Q

What posterior muscle and its overlying skin does dorsal rami innervate?

A

Erector spinae

31
Q

In what types of nerve do ventral ramus form?

A

Intercostal nerve
Intercostal nerve’s lateral cutaneous&anterior cutaneous branch

32
Q

Where does intercostal nerves innervate?

A

Intercostal muscles
Skin (by cutaneous branch)
Abdominal wall muscles and overlying skin

33
Q

Size comparison of dorsal and ventral ramus

A

Dorsal < Ventral

34
Q

What does cutaneous receptors sense?

A

Touch
Pressure
Pain
Temperature

35
Q

Myotome

A

A region of skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve/spinal segment

36
Q

What are the basic components of somatic reflex arc?

A

Sensory receptor
Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
Skeletal muscle fibre

37
Q

Where does somatic plexus supply?

A

Skin, voluntary skeletal muscle, joints from ventral rami

38
Q

What type of somatic plexuses present?

A

Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral

39
Q

Where does cervical plexus supply and which spinal nerves?

A

Skin and muscles of head, neck, shoulder
C1-C4

40
Q

Where does brachial plexus supply and which spinal nerves?

A

Axillary (Shoulder region)
Musculocutaneous (BBC)
Radial (posterior arm, forearm, hand)
Ulnar (anterior forearm, hand)
Median (anterior forearm, hand)
C5-T1

41
Q

Lumbar plexus

A

L1-L4

42
Q

Which nerve supplies anterior aspect and which nerve supplies medial aspect of thigh?

A

Anterior - femoral
Medial - obturator

43
Q

What is segmental root value of femoral and obturator nerves?

A

L2-L4

44
Q

Sacral plexus

A

L4,L5,S1-S4

45
Q

Which nerve supplies posterior aspect of thigh, leg and foot?

A

Sciatic nerve (leaving pelvis and enter buttock)

46
Q

What is segmental root value of sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

47
Q

Why is radial nerve named ‘radial’?

A

It goes through radial groove at posterior aspect of humerus
Supply arm extensor

48
Q

At which weeks of pregnancy does limb develops?

A

4th-8th

49
Q

At which trilaminar disc does skin and skeletomuscular system develop?

A

Skin - ectoderm
Skeletomuscular - mesoderm

50
Q

What happens at week 4 of embryonic development?

A

Form apical ectodermal ridge
Limb grows in proximo-distal growth
AER promotes cell proliferation in mesenchyme (cells to form cartilage, muscle)

51
Q

What happens at week 6 of embryonic development?

A

Distal parts of limb buds form hand plates and footplates
Digits form by apoptosis

52
Q

What does complete absence and partial absence of limb called?

A

Complete - Amelia
Partial - meromelia

53
Q

What is toxins/drugs which may disrupt molecular signalling within the limb bud?

A

Teratogens
(e.g. thalidomide)

54
Q

In which direction does upper and lower limb rotate?

A

Upper limb - laterally
Lower limb - medially

55
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

In subarachnoid space

56
Q

At which level lumbar puncture occurs?

A

L3-L4

57
Q

How many cranial nerves?

A

12 pairs (I-XII)

58
Q

What is one exception of cranial nerve that innervates structures in thorax and abdomen?

A

Vagus nerve (X)

59
Q

What is cauda equida consisted of?

A

Nerve roots

60
Q

What muscle innervated by femoral nerve?

A

Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris
Iliacus

61
Q

What muscle innervated by sciatic nerve?

A

Hamstring

Year 1 (6 decks)

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