Anatomy FoM 2 Flashcards
Inorganic salts of bones
60% calcium phosphate
Calcium/Magnesium carbonate
Role of bone cells
Maintain bone
Maintain homeostasis of blood calcium
What is tendon and what is it made of?
Between muscle and bone
Made of parallel bundle of collagen fibres
Aponeurosis
Flattened tendon
Place of secondary cartilaginous joint
- pubic symphysis
- manubriosternal joint
- Intervertebral disc
Occipital condyles
Articulate with atlas
Why vertebral column exhibits curvatures which change during development?
- Weight of head
- Upright posture
- Height difference between anterior and posterior
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature
Kyphosis
Abnormal antero-posterior curvature
Vertebral foramen occupied by…
Spinal cord and meninges
Role of spinous process
Provides muscle and ligament attachment
Joint between superior and inferior articular process of vertebrae
Synovial plane joint
Mastoid process
Irregular bump below ear to provide muscle attachment
Foramen only in cervical
Foramen transversarium that accommodate vertebral artery and vein
Atlantoaxial joint
rotation (pivot joint)
Atlantooccipital joint
Nod forward and backward
Laminae of sacrum incompletely fused
Spinal canal open to allow access for anaesthetists
Movement of vertebral column
Flexion (bow)
Extension
Lateral flexion
Rotation (only in atlas, axis, thoracic)
Cervical vertebrae is not palpable due to strong ligament …
Ligamentum nuchae
Palpable vertebral column
Vertebra prominens (C7)
Spinous process of T1
Thoracic inlet consisted of
First rib, manubrium, T1
Sternal angle
Lies at second costal cartilage
Palpable
Sternoclavicular joint
Another useful landmark of living anatomy
Joints of clavicle
Sternoclavicular joint
Aromioclavicular joint
(both are synovial plane joint)
Scapula’s joint with thorax
Scapulothoracic joint by ligaments and muscles
Movement of scapula
Protraction
Retraction
Depression
Elevation
Rotation
Radiograph of scapula
Coracoid is more medial and inferior than acromion
Why is surgical neck of humerus more common site for fractures?
Surgical neck is thinner than anatomical neck
Elbow joint is made by articulation between
Trochlea and ulna
Capitulum and radius
Radio-ulnar joint is involved in
Pronation/Supination
(no elbow joint)
Type of joint of radio-ulnar joint
Synovial, pivot joint
No. of carpal
No. of metacarpal
No. of phalanx
8
5
14
Wrist joint articulation between
Radius, scaphoid, lunate, triquetral
Movement possible at metacarphophalangeal joint
(except thumb)
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
Movement possible at interphalangeal joint
Flexion
Extension
Role of ischial tuberosities
Support body weight when sitting
Tibia is …. bone
Weight-bearing
Fibula only associated with…
Muscle attachment
Strong CT membrane binding tibia and fibula along their length and acts as attachment site for muscles
Interosseous membrane
Connective tissue functions
Support organs and tissues
Protection and defence
Energy storage
Thermoregulation
Medium of transport for oxygen and nutrients
Cells of connective tissue derived from…
Mesenchymal cells from mesoderm layer
Collagen and elastic fibres are eiosinophilic/basophilic
Both are eosinophilic
Main constituent of ground substance
Glycosaminoglycan
GAG covalently binds to…
Proteoglycan
Role of proteoglycan
Binds to water and give gel-like consistency
Role of glycoproteins in connective tissue
Binding sites for both CT fibres and adhere cells to ECM
Cells of cartilage
Chondroblast and chondrocytes
Cartilage is vascular/avascular
Avascular
Consequence of cartilage being avascular
Low metabolic rate
Limited capacity for regeneration following trauma
Type of cartilages
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
Cells of bone
Osteoblast, osteocytes
Role of inorganic compounds in bone
Give hardness and rigidity
Role of organic compounds in bone
Give elasticity and flexibility
Two types of bone tissue
Compact
Spongy (cancellous)
Why adipocytes look empty under microscope?
Most staining method dissolve fat
Two types of adipose tissue
Unilocular (white fat)
Multilocular (brown fat)
Characteristics of RBC
Eosinophilic
Enucleated
Biconcave
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Black disc under EM
7 micrometer
Characteristics of neutrophil
Lightly eosinophilic
3-5 lobed nucleus
12-14 micrometer
Primary phagocytic cell in acute inflammation
Characteristics of lymphocytes
Large circular nucleus
No cytoplasmic granules
Basophilic
Characteristics of monocyte
16-20 micrometer
Motile due to pseudopodia
Kidney-shaped nucleus
No cytoplasmic granules
Basophilic
Precursor of macrophage
Characteristics of macrophage
When monocyte extravasate into CT
Phagocyte cellular debris, foreign materials, GAGs
Secrete cytokines
Present antigens (major source of IL-1)
Characteristics of platelets
1.5-3.5 micrometer
Non-nucleated
For clot formation and wound plugs
Characteristics of basophil
Basophilic
Bi-lobed
Granules of histamine and heparin
Present in blood
For inflammation, allergic response
Express IgE receptors on cell surface
Characteristics of eosinophil
Eosinophilic
Bi-lobed
Defend against protozoan
Involve in allergic reaction
Many granules
12-17 micrometer
Cylindrical unit in compact bone
Osteon
Why does individual vertebrae permits only a limited degree of movement?
To prevent distortion of the spinal cord
