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GI > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Multiple inputs can send signals to the _ region in the medulla that triggers nausea and vomiting

A

Multiple inputs can send signals to the area postrema region in the medulla that triggers nausea and vomiting
1. Cerebral cortex
2. Vestibular system
3. GIT
4. Chemotrigger zones

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2
Q

The two anti-cholinergic drugs used to reduce GI spasming in IBS-D are _ and _

A

The two anti-cholinergic drugs used to reduce GI spasming in IBS-D are hyoscyamine and dicyclomine

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3
Q

Diclycomine and Hyoscyamine work by (antagonizing/ agonizing) _ receptors

A

Diclycomine and Hyoscyamine work by antagonizing M3 receptors

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4
Q

What are some off-target toxicities of dicyclomine and hyoscyamine?

A

M3 receptors are also found in the eyes, salivary glands, bladder; they might cause dryness in these places
* Blurred vision
* Xerostomia
* Urinary retention

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5
Q

Opiod receptor agonists can be used to treat (diarrhea/conspitation)

A

Opiod receptor agonists can be used to treat diarrhea (anti-diarrheals)

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6
Q

Name three opiod receptor agonists that are used as anti-diarrheals

A

Name three opiod receptor agonists that are used as anti-diarrheals:
1. Eluxadoline
2. Loperamide
3. Diphenoxylate

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of eluxadoline and other opiods in treating IBS-D?

A

Opiods slow the firing of enteric neurons to reduce GI motility
* In other words, they almost “induce constipation”

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8
Q

(True/False) Eluxadoline crosses the BBB

A

False; Eluxadoline and other opiod anti-diarrheals do not cross the BBB

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9
Q

_ is a serotonin antagonist that can be used to treat IBS-D in women

A

Alosetron is a serotonin antagonist that can be used to treat IBS-D in women

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10
Q

Alosetron blocks _ cells from releasing 5-HT which normally stimulates GI motility

A

Alosetron blocks enterochromaffin cells from releasing 5-HT which normally stimulates GI motility

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11
Q

Name (3) bile acid sequestrants that are used to treat IBS-D caused by bile acid malabsorption

A

Name (3) bile acid sequestrants that are used to treat IBS-D caused by bile acid malabsorption:
1. Cholestyramine
2. Colesevelam
3. Colestpol

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12
Q

_ is a surfactant stool softener that can be used to treat constipation

A

Docusate is a surfactant stool softener that can be used to treat constipation

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13
Q

Name (4) osmotic stool softeners that passively facilitate defecation

A

Name (4) osmotic stool softeners that passively facilitate defecation:
1. Lactulose
2. Magnesium citrate
3. Sorbitol
4. Polyethylene glycol

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14
Q

Mechanism of action of lactulose (in setting of constipation)

A

Lactulose acidifies the gut, converting NH3 –> NH4+ which is then non-absorbable

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15
Q

_ and _ are two drugs that “tickle the colon” to promote contraction and relaxation

A

Bisacodyl and Senna are two drugs that “tickle the colon” to promote contraction and relaxation

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16
Q

_ is a laxative that activates Cl- channels to promote the movement of water into the colon

A

Lubiprostone is a laxative that activates Cl- channels to promote the movement of water into the colon

17
Q

_ and _ are two guanylate cyclase agonists which work by increasing cGMP and stimulating the CFTR receptor in the gut

A

Linaclotide and Plecanatide are two guanylate cyclase agonists which work by increasing cGMP and stimulating the CFTR receptor in the gut

18
Q

Odansetron is an anti-emetic which blocks _

A

Odansetron is an anti-emetic which blocks serotonin receptors

19
Q

Proclorperazine is an anti-emetic which works by blocking _

A

Proclorperazine is an anti-emetic which works by blocking dopamine receptors

20
Q

Metoclopramide is an anti-emetic which is a _

A

Metoclopramide is an anti-emetic which blocks dopamine receptors

21
Q

Aprepitant is an anti-emetic which works by blocking _

A

Aprepitant is an anti-emetic which works by blocking neurokinin receptors (NK1)

22
Q

Scopalamine is an anti-emetic which blocks _

A

Scopalamine is an anti-emetic which blocks M1 receptors

23
Q

One toxicity of metocloperamide is _ , which are repetitive, involuntary movements

A

One toxicity of metocloperamide is tardive dyskinesia which are repetitive, involuntary movements
* Also causes restlessness, parkinsonian effects, hyperprolactinemia

24
Q

H2 antagonists work by blocking _

A

H2 antagonists work by blocking H2 receptors on basolateral membrane of the parietal cells

25
Q

The H2 receptor on the parietal cell is a _ protein coupled receptor

A

The H2 receptor on the parietal cell is a Gs protein-coupled receptor
* H2 blockers block the activation of cAMP

26
Q

H2 blockers cause (reversible/ irreversible) blockage

A

H2 blockers cause reversible blockage

27
Q

H2 blockers are taken before eating and are used to treat _

A

H2 blockers are taken before eating and are used to treat gastritis, GERD, PUD

28
Q

H2 blockers end with “_”

A

H2 blockers end with “-idine”
* Cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine

29
Q

_ is an H2 blocker that causes CYP450 inhibition and can cause gynecomastia

A

Cimetidine is an H2 blocker that causes CYP450 inhibition and can cause gynecomastia
* It can also cross the BBB and can increase Cr levels

30
Q

_ drug side effect includes increased risk for C. diff, risk for pneumonia, acute interstitial nephritis

A

PPIs drug side effect includes increased risk for C. diff, risk for pneumonia, acute interstitial nephritis
* Also reduced iron, B12, Ca2+, Mg2+ levels with prolonged use

31
Q

PPI drugs end with the suffix _

A

PPI drugs end with the suffix “-azole”
* Omeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole

32
Q

Side effects for all antacids include:

A

Side effects for all antacids include: affecting drug bioavailability and renal excretion due to pH alteration
* Can also cause hypokalemia

33
Q

Bulk forming laxatives like _ and _ are soluble fibers that draw water into the GIT lumen and promote peristalsis

A

Bulk forming laxatives like Psyllium and Methylcellulose are soluble fibers that draw water into the GIT lumen and promote peristalsis

34
Q

Lubiprostone works by _

A

Lubiprostone works by directly activating Cl- channels to increase intestinal fluid secretions

35
Q

Ondancetron is a drug that works by _

A

Ondancetron is a drug that works by antagonizing 5-HT3 receptors
* Anti-emetic drug
* Can cause QT prolongation or serotonin syndrome

36
Q

Metoclopramide is a D2 receptor antagonist that treats nausea/vomiting and also _ gastric emptying and _ LES tone

A

Metoclopramide is a D2 receptor antagonist that treats nausea/vomiting and also increases gastric emptying and increases LES tone

37
Q

_ is an anti-nausea medication that is also used to treat gastroparesis

A

Metoclopramide is an anti-nausea medication that is also used to treat gastroparesis
* And chronic GERD

38
Q
A

GI (13 decks)

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